scholarly journals Does Similar Whole Body Cooling Induce Gender-Specific Attention Stability Deterioration?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Solianik ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Marius Brazaitis
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Gender Specific

Background. There is evidence of greater whole body cooling induced unpredictable task switching and memory deterioration in men than in women; however, it is not known how whole body cooling affects attention stability. This study aimed at identifying if there are any gender-specific differences in the effect of cold water immersion-induced stress on attention stability.Methods. Thirteen men and thirteen women were exposed to acute cold stress by immersion in 14°C water until rectal temperature reached 35.5°C or for a maximum of 170 min. Thermoregulatory response (i.e. changes of body temperature and metabolic heat production) and attention stability response (i.e. Schulte table (less cognitively demanding task) and Schulte-Gorbov table (more cognitively demanding task)) were monitored.Results. During cold stress, body temperature variables decreased (p < .05) and did not differ between genders. Metabolic  heat  production  was  greater  (p  <  .05)  in  men  than  in  women.  Body  cooling  significantly  increased  (p < .05) the duration of Schulte table performance for both genders, whereas an increase (p < .05) of the duration of Schulte-Gorbov table performance was observed only in men. Conclusion. This is the first study to find the evidence supporting the idea of gender-specific and task-dependent attention stability response after whole body cooling. Whole body cooling induced stress had similar influence on simple attention stability task in men and women, whereas more complex task was adversely affected only in men. This greater men’s decrement of complex task performance can be associated with their greater catecholamines-induced metabolic heat production.Keywords: men, women, cognitive performance, metabolic heat production, shivering.

The Cooling Power of Pigeon Wings

1991 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT CRAIG ◽  
JACQUES LAROCHELLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

The rate of heat loss through the stretched wings (Hwings) was studied in resting pigeons preheated to a body temperature (43.7°C) within the range of those recorded during flight. The experimental system was designed to allow the calculation of Hwings from the increase in whole-body cooling rates resulting from exposure of the wings to various wind speeds (0–50 km h−1) at 23°C. The maximum value of HWings was 3.8 W, less than twice the heat production of a resting pigeon. This indicates that the contribution of the wings to heat dissipation during flight may not be nearly as important as has been supposed. At low windspeeds (0–12.5 km h−1), HWings corresponded to about 40% of the resting rate of heat production, and this value is discussed in connection with the various wing postures observed in hyperthermic birds.

The Cooling Power of Pigeon Legs

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIE MARTINEAU ◽  
JACQUES LAROCHELLE
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Aquatic Bird ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

The rate of heat loss from legs and feet (HLEG) was studied in resting pigeons preheated to a body temperature (43.1°C) close to those recorded during flight. The experimental system was designed to allow the calculation of HLEG from whole-body cooling rates following exposure of the legs and feet to various combinations of wind speed (0–75 km h−1) and air temperature (5–25°C). The pigeons remained hyperthermic when their hindlimbs were kept insulated, but their bodies cooled markedly as a result of exposure of the legs and feet. With a 12.5km h−1 wind at 25°C, HLEG corresponded to 240% of the resting heat production. HLEG was increased by higher wind speed and lower air temperature, but it became essentially independent of wind speed above 37.5 km −1. The maximum values of HLEG were 4–6 times as large as the resting heat production and could account for 50–65 % of the total heat produced during flight. It is concluded that in a non-aquatic bird the legs and feet can play a major role in whole-body thermoregulation, both at rest and during flight.

scholarly journals Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Michael N. Sawka ◽  
Kent B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Repeat Trial ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

Response of Negro and white males to cold

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Iampietro ◽  
R. F. Goldman ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
David E. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
White Males ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Heat production and body temperatures were measured in matched groups of U.S. Negro and white soldiers during whole body cooling and finger temperatures were measured when only the digits were cooled. Whole body cooling was accomplished by having the subjects, clad only in shorts, sit for 2 hours in a chamber at 50℉ with a 5-mph wind. Digital cooling was accomplished by having the subjects immerse the fingers in a water bath at 32℉ for 45 minutes. During whole body cooling there were no group differences with respect to the following: heat production, skin and rectal temperatures. During digital cooling white subjects had higher finger temperatures and the ‘hunting’ reaction was more pronounced than for Negroes. In addition, the white subjects required a shorter period for the onset of the first ‘rewarming’ of the fingers. The implications of these findings with reference to the reported higher incidence of cold injury among Negro soldiers are discussed. Submitted on February 19, 1959

scholarly journals Sex-related differences in local and whole-body heat loss responses: Physical or physiological?

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-843
Author(s):  
Daniel Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Body Heat

The current thesis examined whether sex differences in local and whole-body heat loss are evident after accounting for confounding differences in physical characteristics and rate of metabolic heat production. Three experimental studies were performed: the first examined whole-body heat loss in males and females matched for body mass and surface area during exercise at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production; the second examined local and whole-body heat loss responses between sexes during exercise at increasing requirements for heat loss; the third examined sex-differences in local sweating and cutaneous vasodilation to given doses of pharmacological agonists, as well as during passive heating. The first study demonstrated that females exhibit a lower whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity (553 ± 77 vs. 795 ± 85 W·°C−1, p = 0.05) during exercise performed at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production. The second study showed that whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity is similar between sexes at a requirement for heat loss of 250 W·m−2 (496 ± 139 vs. 483 ± 185 W·m−2·°C−1, p = 0.91) and 300 W·m−2 (283 ± 70 vs. 211 ± 66 W·m−2·°C−1, p = 0.17), only becoming greater in males at a requirement for heat loss of 350 W·m−2 (197 ± 61 vs. 82 ± 27 W·m−2·°C−1, p = 0.007). In the third study, a lower sweat rate to the highest concentration of acetylcholine (0.27 ± 0.08 vs. 0.48 ± 0.13 mg·min−1·cm−2, p = 0.02) and methacholine (0.41 ± 0.09 vs. 0.57 ± 0.11 mg·min−1·cm−2, p = 0.04) employed was evidenced in females, with no differences in cholinergic sensitivity. Taken together, the results of the current thesis show that sex itself can modulate sudomotor activity, specifically the thermosensitivity of the response, during both exercise and passive heat stress. Furthermore, the results of the third study point towards a peripheral modulation of the sweat gland as a mechanism responsible for the lower sudomotor thermosensitivity in females.

Regulation of body temperature in the Budherygah, Melopsittacus undulatus

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Weathers ◽  
DC Schoenbaechler
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Metabolic Water

The standard metabolic rate of budgerygahs, determined during October and November, was 30% lower at night (1.96 ml O2 g-1 h-1) than during the day (2.55 ml O2 g-1h-1 ). The zone of thermal neutrality extended from 29 to 41�C. At ambient temperatures (Ta) below 29�C, oxygen consumption [V(02)] increased with decreasing Ta according to the relation V(02) (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 5.65 - 0.127Ta. At Ta's between 0 and 16�C, body temperature (Tb) averaged 37.7�C (which is low by avian standards) and was independent of Ta. Above 20�C, Tb increased with increasing Ta, and within the zone of thermal neutrality Tb increased by approximately 4�C. The relation between V(O2) and Tb within the zone of thermal neutrality is described by the equation V(O2 = 6.29 - 0.105 Tb. This ability to decrease metabolic heat production while Tb rises could contribute to the water economy of budgerygahs. At moderate Ta's the rate of evaporative water loss of budgerygahs is only 60% that predicted for a 31 g bird. At Ta's below 14�C budgerygahs can balance evaporative water loss with metabolic water production. At 45�C Tb was between 1.0 and 5.0�C below Ta, and evaporative cooling accounted for up to 156% of metabolic heat production. At high Ta's budgerygahs appear to augment evaporation by lingual flutter.

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