Jewish Orthodoxy in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Holtschneider
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life Journey ◽  
To Come ◽  
Religious Aspects

This book analyses the religious aspects of Jewish acculturation to Scotland through a transnational perspective on migration, focused through an examination of Jewish religious leadership and authority in the international context of Anglophone Jewish history in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on British Jewish history in the first half of the twentieth century, and on the biography of one significant actor in a so-called ‘provincial’ Jewish community, this monograph explores the development of a central feature of British Jewish religious history: power relations within Jewish religious institutions, and particularly relations between the assumed centre (London) and the ‘provinces’ at a time of massive demographic and cultural change. With immigration stagnating and immigrants now poised to stay rather than seeing Britain as a staging post in their journey west, Jewish communities had to come to terms with the majority of their congregants being first generation immigrants, and to deal with the resulting cultural conflicts amongst the migrants and with those resident Jews whose families had acculturated and anglicised one or more generations previously. Salis Daiches’s life journey (1880-1945) highlights central aspects of the processes of adjustment in communities across the United Kingdom from the perspective of the ‘provincial periphery’. Competing religious ideologies in the early twentieth century are a crucial element in the history of British Jewry, rather than a transient social phenomenon. Religion as performed, taught, and thought about at a local level by ‘religious professionals’ is a vehicle for the exploration of the migration.

Conclusion

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bogdanor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Intellectual Elites

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the British constitution in the twentieth century. The findings reveal that while there was widespread confidence in the virtues of the constitution at the beginning of the twentieth century, that confidence seemed to have evaporated. This loss of confidence coincided with a collapse of national self-confidence that had begun in the 1960s when British political and intellectual elites began to come to terms with the fact that Great Britain was falling economically behind her continental competitors.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Erika Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Irish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irish People

The introduction sets up the story which will be told in the following five substantive chapters. It provides an introduction to the history of Irish photography in the twentieth century and explores how it has been understood by historians. It then goes on to lay out the argument which will be developed throughout the rest of the book. That is, over the course of the twentieth century, photography allowed ordinary Irish people to create spaces of self-expression and contest authority in ways which would have a fundamental impact on the nature of Irish society, and that reading photographic sources can provide us with a new way in to stories of social and cultural change from the perspectives of those on the margins of power.

The Historiographical Legacy of Salo Wittmayer Baron: The Medieval Period

AJS Review ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The impact of Salo Wittmayer Baron on the study of the history of the Jews during the Middle Ages has been enormous. This impact has, in part, been generated by Baron's voluminous writings, in particular his threevolume The Jewish Community and–even more so–his eighteen-volume Social and Religious History of the Jews. Equally decisive has been Baron's influence through his students and his students' students. Almost all researchers here in North America currently engaged in studying aspects of medieval Jewish history can surely trace their intellectual roots back to Salo Wittmayer Baron. In a real sense, many of Baron's views have become widey assumed starting points for the field, ideas which need not be proven or irgued but are simply accepted as givens. Over the next decade or decades, hese views will be carefully identified and reevaluated. At some point, a major study of Baron's legacy, including his influence on the study of medieval Jewish history, will of necessity eventuate. Such a study will have, on the one hand, its inherent intellectual fascination; at the same time, it will constitute an essential element in the next stages of the growth of the field, as it inevitably begins to make its way beyond Baron and his twentieth-century ambience.

Mourning, Melancholy and Hexis: Towards a Context for Fritz Yshaq Baer

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-253
Author(s):  
Eleazar Gutwirth
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public History ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Ethics Of Reading ◽  
History Of

An examination, annotation and translation of the hitherto unpublished correspondence with Baer in the Baron papers lead to a re-contextualization. Intensified after his demise in 1980, a large stream of publications attempted to contextualize the work of the historian of the Jews of Christian Spain, Fritz Yshaq Baer, against the background of broadly known events of the twentieth century, identifying him with a “School” of Jewish history. Here this notion is traced to the early 1970s and alternative possibilities are explored. First, attention is paid to the role of institutions, networks and models in the production of knowledge without restricting this solely to the universities or to Germany. This leads to valuing the role of Spanish institutions and their intellectual presuppositions and practices. The history of reading raises questions as to the role of intended public, history of the book and genre in his publications. Finally, taking the ethics of reading into consideration, we ask who the participants in the dialogues he was constructing were. This includes his correspondence with Baron which is published as an appendix.

Ready, Willing, and Able to Divorce: An Economic and Cultural History of Divorce in Twentieth-Century Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Simonsson ◽  
Glenn Sandström
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study outlines a long history of divorce in Sweden, recognizing the importance of considering both economic and cultural factors in the analysis of marital dissolution. Following Ansley Coale, the authors examine how a framework of multiple theoretical constructs, in interaction, can be applied to the development toward mass divorce. Applying a long historical perspective, the authors argue that an analysis of gendered aspects of the interaction between culture and economics is crucial for the understanding of the rise of mass divorce. The empirical analysis finds support for a marked decrease in legal and cultural obstacles to divorce already during the first decades of the twentieth century. However, economic structures remained a severe obstacle that prohibited significant increases in divorce rate prior to World War II. It was only during the 1940s and 1960s, when cultural change was complemented by marked decreases in economic interdependence between spouses, that the divorce rate exhibited significant increases. The authors find that there are advantages to looking at the development of divorce as a history in which multiple empirical factors are examined in conjunction, recognizing that these factors played different roles during different time periods.

Hasidism Reappraised

1996 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Jewish History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Extensive Introduction ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
To Come

Hasidism has been a seminal force and source of controversy in the Jewish world since its inception in the second half of the eighteenth century. Indeed, almost every ideological trend that has made itself felt among Jews since that time has claimed to have derived some inspiration from this vibrant movement. While this is sure testimony to its vitality and originality, it has also given rise to many misconceptions as to what hasidism is about. This book offers a wide-ranging treatment of the subject in all its aspects. The book encompasses a complete field of modern scholarship in a discipline that is central to the understanding of modern Jewish history and the contemporary Jewish world. The book is dedicated to the memory of Joseph Weiss, and its opening section assesses his contribution to the study of hasidism in the context of his relationship with Gershom Scholem and Scholem's long-standing influence on the field. The remaining chapters are arranged thematically under seven headings: the social history of hasidism; the social functions of mystical ideals in the hasidic movement; distinctive outlooks and schools of thought within hasidism; the hasidic tale; the history of hasidic historiography; contemporary hasidism; and the present state of research on hasidism. The book also incorporates an extensive introduction that places the various articles in their intellectual context, as well as a bibliography of hasidic sources and contemporary scholarly literature. It shows an intellectual world at an important juncture in its development and points to the direction in which scholarly study of hasidism is likely to develop in the years to come.

Afghanistan Between the Great Powers, 1938–1945

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan L. Hauner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
World War ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
To Come ◽  
Adequate Coverage

The increased interest in Afghanistan, highlighted by the Soviet invasion of that country in December 1979, calls for the reassessment of the more recent political history of Afghanistan, particularly its relations with the great powers. In this connection the period of World War 11 has often been treated superficially, and until today there has been only one book (L. W. Adamec, Afghanistan's Foreign Affairs to the Mid- Twentieth Century: Relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain [Tucson, 1974]) which contains adequate coverage of the war years. These years ought to be considered as a watershed for the entire region since they clearly foreshadowed the events to come, which we are observing today with great amazement and alarm.

scholarly journals A varíola em Portugal no século XVI, a partir dos comentários médicos de Garcia Lopes: transmissão, sintomas e tratamento

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Emília Maria Rocha de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Erythema Infectiosum ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Fifth Disease

Resumo Atualmente conhecemos por exantema um conjunto de erupções cutâneas que costumam acompanhar doenças infeciosas de maior ou menor gravidade, tais como o sarampo, a escarlatina, a rubéola, o eritema infecioso (ou quinta doença), o exantema súbito (ou roséola infantil) e a varicela. A varíola, que haveria de ser dada como erradicada no último quartel do século XX, fazia parte da realidade sanitária portuguesa no século XVI, preocupando os especialistas e atemorizando a população em geral. O médico cristão-novo Garcia Lopes, à semelhança de outros colegas de profissão, não ficou alheio a essa realidade. No livro Commentarii de uaria rei medicae lectione (Antuérpia, 1564), que dedicou ao comentário sobre doenças várias e seu tratamento, o humanista portalegrense, apoiado no seu conhecimento e experiência enquanto clínico, tece considerações sobre a transmissão, os sintomas e o tratamento daquela enfermidade, confrontando-as com o parecer quer de outros médicos seus contemporâneos, como Girolamo Fracastoro, precursor da Microbiologia, quer de insignes autores da Antiguidade, como Galeno. Recorrendo ao método da análise de conteúdo de alguns excertos da obra de Garcia Lopes, procuraremos dar conta do pensamento do médico quinhentista acerca da varíola, para chegarmos a conclusões sobre a forma como, segundo ele, a doença se transmitia, manifestava e devia ser tratada.Palavras-chave: Varíola, Garcia Lopes, História da Medicina Abstract We now know of exanthem as a set of rashes that often accompany infectious diseases of greater or lesser severity, such as measles, scarlet fever, rubella, erythema infectiosum (or fifth disease) roseola infantum (or sixth disease) and varicella. Smallpox, which was to be eradicated in the last quarter of the twentieth century, was part of the Portuguese social-sanitary reality in the sixteenth century, worrying the specialists and frightening the population. The new Christian physician Garcia Lopes, like other colleagues in his profession, was not unaware of this reality. In the book Commentarii de uaria rei medicae lectione (Antwerp, 1564), which he devoted to the commentary on various diseases and their treatment, the humanist from Portalegre, based on his knowledge and experience as a clinician, presents considerations about the transmission, symptoms and treatment of that disease, confronting them with the opinion of medical peers of his day, such as Girolamo Fracastoro, precursor of Microbiology, or of renowned authors of Antiquity, such as Galen. Using the method of content analysis of some excerpts from Garcia Lopes' work, we will attempt to provide an account of the opinion of the 16th century physician on smallpox in order to come to conclusions on how the disease, according to him, was transmitted, manifested and should be treated. Keywords: Smallpox, Garcia Lopes, History of Medicine

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jason Lustig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Future ◽  
Modern Jewish History ◽  
History Of

The introduction presents the book’s core argument that twentieth-century Jewish archives were not just about the past but also about the future: We can look to a process whereby Jews turned increasingly toward archives as anchors of memory in a rapidly changing world. Jews in Germany, the United States, and Israel/Palestine all sought to gather the files of the past in order to represent their place in Jewish life and articulate a vision of the future. It situates these projects in the history of community-based archiving and archival theory and methodology, as well as Jewish history at large. It also dives into the ways we can see archive making as a metaphor for the broader patterns in modern Jewish history, as Jews sought to gather the sources and resources of their culture both before the Holocaust and especially in its aftermath.

The Triumph of Industrial Chemistry: The Industrial Response to Sir William Crookes

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Industrial Chemistry ◽  
Metal Carbides ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Caucasian Race ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

In 1905, Sir William Crookes published a book entitled The Wheat Problem in which he reiterated what he had said in his British Association address of 1898. The content and tone are familiar: “The fixation of nitrogen is vital to the progress of civilized humanity, and unless we can class it among the certainties to come, the great Caucasian race will cease to be foremost in the world, and will be squeezed out of existence by races to whom wheaten bread is not the staff of life.” A whole gamut of processes for fixing nitrogen was described in a book published in 1914, and in 1919 an eminent U.S. electrochemist, H. J. M. Creighton, published a series of three papers entitled “How the Nitrogen Fixation Problem Has Been Solved.” However, the broader story was only just beginning to unfold. In about 1925, J. W. Mellor, in a justly celebrated sixteen-volume compendium, simply took Creighton at his word and stated quite baldly: “The problem has since [Crookes’ lecture] been solved.” Mellor describes not one but six processes that he believed were of industrial significance. These were: (1) the direct oxidation of dinitrogen by dioxygen to yield, initially, nitrogen oxides, as was undertaken in the Norwegian arc process; (2) the absorption of dinitrogen by metal carbides, subsequently developed as the cyanamide process; (3) the reaction of dinitrogen and dihydrogen by what has become known as the Haber process, or, more justifiably, the Haber–Bosch process; (4) the reaction of dinitrogen with metals, followed by treatment of the resultant nitrides with water; (5) the reaction of dinitrogen with carbon to form cyanides; and (6) the oxidation of dinitrogen during the combustion of coal or natural gas. Of these, only the first three really reached the stage of industrial exploitation, and only the Haber–Bosch process has been applied to any degree of significance since about 1950. The history of these three major developments is traced below. One of the first industrially significant reactions to be developed at the beginning of the twentieth century had already been known for more than 100 years.

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