Intentions and their Effects on the Legality of Dispositions and Contracts

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Abdullah Muhammad al-Shami
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principle ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Legal Contract ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Legal Opinions ◽  
The Right

In Islamic law judgements on any human action are usually evaluated in terms of the intention involved. Accordingly, the rules of substantive issues have to be accommodated under the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The understanding of these principles by the juristic scholar is highly rewarding because it will lead the muftī to the right path in deriving legal opinions from the original sources. The basic principle of Islamic jurisprudence, which stipulates that ‘all actions depend on intentions,’ has played an important role in the construction of Islamic jurisprudence. Moreover, this rule has a special place in the theory of Islamic legal contract. So what is the effect of intention in the validity of human actions and legal contracts? It is known that pure intention has significant effects on spiritual worship and legal contracts of transaction. It also gives guidance for earning rewards from Almighty Allah. This article concentrates on the effect of intention in perpetual worship, the concept of action and intention in Islamic legal works, the kind of contract with all its components, and the jurists' views on the effects of intention in human action and legal contract along with their discussion and counter-arguments.

Konsep dan Praktik Pelestarian Lingkungan dalam Hukum Islam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evra Willya ◽  
Sabil Mokodenseho ◽  
Muh. Idris ◽  
Nasruddin Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
The Earth

In the Al Qur’an, Allah SWT describes the damages and destructions caused by human actions on land and sea. Therefore, humans are obliged to maintain and preserve their environment for future generations. This obligation aims at protecting their interests, due to the various beneficial sources of life attributed to humans existence on earth. In order to maintain the balance and harmony of human relations with nature, and to realize order and social well-being, Islamic Law upholds some basic principles of social activities, to guarantee an orderly, balanced, and harmonious life for the development and social movements life in a stable and orderly manner. Subsequently, environment pollution and damage to the earth are eradicated, thereby, restoring balance and harmony.

scholarly journals MEMILIH PASANGAN BAGI ANAK PEREMPUAN: KAJIAN FIQIH & HAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masthuriyah Sa’dan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
World Conference ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The World ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
The Right

In Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), the right to choose a partner for a woman is set by families. This then becomes the spotlight of many circles who argue that fiqh is discriminatory against women. Muslim men have the right to decide with whom to marry. In contrary, Muslim women do not have such a right. Women right is taken over by parents in the name of Islamic law. In the World Conference on Population and Women in Cairo-Egypt in 1994, however, women were proclaimed to have their own reproductive rights that must be protected and maintained. One form of the demands of the reproductive rights is the right of women to determine their own life partner. This paper wants to examine the right to choose a husband for women from the perspective of Islamic law and international law on human rights. Keywords: the right to choose, women, Islamic law, human rights.

scholarly journals The Right of a Child Outside the Legal Marriage of a Biological Father: The Analysis of Ḥifẓ Al-Nafs as Law `Illat

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Ali Abubakar ◽  
Juliana Juliana ◽  
Maisyarah Rahmi Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Biological Father ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biological Fathers ◽  
Legal Marriage ◽  
Protection Of Life

This article aims to analyze the protection of life (ḥifẓ al-nafs) as the law reason (`illat) of the rights of children outside of legal marriage (ALPS) of biological fathers. Ḥifẓ al-nafs is assumed to be `illat emerging from many neglected ALPS phenomena and resulting in negative stigma and discrimination. This research is a study of Islamic law using the theory of `illat in analyzing the problem of children's rights outside of legal marriage. The research concludes that the presence of the 2010 Constitutional Court decision regarding the civil rights of ALPS with biological fathers reveals new spaces in seeing the nature of ALPS rights. This is different from the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council and classical fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) arguments, which tend to only link the child to the mother. Based on the Constitutional Court decision, the essence of ALPS rights from biological fathers is limited to civil rights. The responsibility of the biological father to ALPS is in the form of physical and mental support, while denying other rights such as guardianship of marriage; ALPS rights today have been largely abandoned. Thus, the protection/care is necessary. `Illat (the reason of law) in ḥifẓ al-nafs (protection of the life) is real and can be juxtaposed with `illat ḥifẓ al-nasl (protection of heredity). Ḥifẓ al-nasl does not completely fulfill the real requirements of an `illat which can abolish the abandonment of ALPS.

scholarly journals Wife’s right to her husband’s property that is disputed by them both

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 2161-2167
Author(s):  
Khobaib Ali Saeed Salem ◽  
Salah Mohamed Moustafa Moustafa Elbahrawi ◽  
Ragab Abou Melih Mohamed Soliman ◽  
Ahmed Fathi Ramdan Abdelgayed
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Applied Method ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Legal Opinions ◽  
The Right

This research study addresses the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence on the right established for a wife in her husband’s property that is disputed by them both, especially after termination of their marital relationship. The research problem lies in that many women, upon their separation from their husbands, believe that their husbands’ financial welfare was only a result of their own assistance in undertaking marital responsibilities. This research study attempts to answer the question raised in such cases: What are the rights established for women against their husband in case they claim so?. The study seeks to highlight the objectives of the Shar?‘?h behind marriage and legalization of divorce, and to illustrate the established as a woman’s right in her husband’s property which she should have shared with him or substituted him in managing, through different considerations. The significance of the study lies in the emergent need for investigating it due to contemporary occurrences. This study builds on a descriptive and deductive comparative approach, along with a referential and applied method based on the juristic maxims and Shar?‘?h objectives, drawing only on preponderant legal opinions; outweighed views and their proofs are not mentioned in this study.

Piracy in Ottoman Islamic Jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Legal Opinions

This chapter examines the legal opinions (Arabic: fatwa, Turkish: fetva) issued by the chief Islamic legal authorities of the empire (şeyhülislam) concerning maritime violence and explores the implications of their rulings for judges and litigants throughout the empire and for the corsairs based on its margins. Drawing on research in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century fetva collections, the chapter establishes the kinds of legal questions that piracy and captivity posed for the Ottomans and how they were answered as the intensity, frequency, and focus of Mediterranean piracy mutated in sometimes alarming ways. Showing how secular, interstate, and Islamic law were harmonized through fetvas, the chapter lays the groundwork for the subsequent analysis of the convergence of theory and practice in Ottoman courts.

Prostitution, Islamic Law and Ottoman Societies

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Legal Writing ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Legal Opinions

AbstractThis article examines the treatment of prostitution in several genres of Ottoman legal writing—manuals and commentaries of Islamic jurisprudence,fatwās(legal opinions) andḳānūnnāmes(Sultanic legislation)—and looks at how prostitution was dealt with in practice by the empire’s sharīʿa courts and by its provincial executive authorities. The article uses prostitution as a case study to investigate the relationships between the different genres of legal writing and between normative law and legal practice. It also throws light on various manifestations of prostitution in the Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Syria between the mid-sixteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Anak dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Qanun Aceh Nomor 11 Tahun 2008

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ida Friatna
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Study Child ◽  
The Right

This paper aims to study child protection in Islamic law perspective, and how the perspective has derived into the Qanun Aceh on child protection. Islamic law discusses child protection as childnurture/safeguards (hadhanah) and custodian (walayah). Child protection means fulfillingchildren's rights and protection from the harmful situation or things that could be a danger to theirphysics, soul, and property. On the national level, the Indonesian government stipulated theUndang-Undang Number 35 Year 2014 on Child Protection, so at the regional level, theGovernment of Aceh followed up by stipulating the Qanun Number 11 Year 2008 on ChildProtection. The Qanun states that child protection aims to ensure the right for life, grow, develop,and participate optimally as well as humanistic value and dignity, and children get protection fromexploitation, violence, and discrimination. Those all protections toward to realize the good quality ofchildren in Aceh, good morality, and wealth. Child protection is conducted through religion, custom,socio-cultural development. It puts forward basic principles, namely anti-discrimination, the child'sneeds-response, the right to live, and appreciation. Substantially, the Qanun contains all rights inprotecting the child. But there are needs in socializing and optimizing the law enforcer in protectingchildren. This study found many indicators on the less of child protection in Aceh. Recently, Acehstands as the third-highest rank province in Sumatera with the number of child violence.Furthermore, children's sexual harassment becomes the most reported case.

scholarly journals Konsep Uruf dan Maslahah Sebagai Sumber Rujukan: Status Wanita Terhadap Harta Sepencarian dalam Perundangan Islam di Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Mualimin Mochammad Sahid ◽  
Setiyawan Gunardi ◽  
Nur Muhammad Hadi Zahalan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Regard ◽  
The Right

Harta Sepencarian bermaksud harta yang diperolehi dalam masa perkahwinan seorang suami dengan isterinya hasil daripada sumber-sumber atau usaha mereka bersama. Dalam khazanah fiqh, jenis harta ini tidak dijelaskan oleh ulama. Dalam amalannya, status harta ini akan dituntut oleh salah seorang pasangan suami isteri ini selepas berlakunya perceraian, kematian, atau kerana suami yang berkahwin dengan dengan isteri kedua. Salah satu daripada mereka berhak ke atas separuh harta atau kurang daripada itu dari harta pasangannya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan status harta sepencarian menurut pandangan syarak dan amalannya dalam perundangan Islam di Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian analisa dan perbandingan, penulis mengkaji status hukum harta ini dan menganalisis pelaksanaannya dalam masyarakat untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan jenis-jenis harta lain dalam hukum syarak, seperti: Hibah, Nafkah, Maskahwin, wasiat, mut’ah dan juga harta warisan. Hasil kajian mandapati bahawa harta sepencarian satu amalan masyarakat melayu yang telah lama diamalkan. Ia diiktiraf oleh mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia berdasarkan dua dalil iatu uruf dan maslahah yang merupakan sumber hukum syarak yang berlandaskan Al-Quran dan As-Sunnah. Berpandukan itu, Islam dikenali sebagai agama yang memberikan perhatian ke atas hal-ehwal keluarga khasnya wanita dengan meletakkan mereka dalam kedudukan yang tinggi, menjaga maruah mereka, dan memelihara hak-hak seperti hak harta sepencarian ini. The matrimonial property (harta sepencarian) means the property acquired during the marriage of a husband and his wife as a result of their shared resources or efforts. There is no explanation about this kind of property in the classical fiqh studies. In practice, the property will be claimed by one of the spouses after the divorce, death, or the occurrence of second marriage. This article aims to study this type of property based on Islamic jurisprudence and law in Malaysia. Based on analytical and comparative methods, the researcher analyzes its legal status, implementation in society, and relationship between this kind of property and other types of properties in Islamic law, such as: hibah, nafkah, dowry, wasiat, mut'ah and even inheritance. Results of the study showed that harta sepencarian is a practice in Malay society since long time ago. It has been recognized by the Syariah court in Malaysia based on two sources of Islamic law ‘Uruf and Maslahah which referred to Qur’an and Sunnah. Guided by this, Islam is known as a religion that cares about family affairs especially women by placing them in high regard, maintaining their dignity, and preserving such rights as the right harta sepencarian.

إفشاء السر في الفقه الإسلامي: السر الطبي نموذجاً (Revealing Secrets in Islamic Jurisprudence: A Case Study of Medical Secret), (Penyebaran Rahsia Menurut Perspektif al-Fiqh al-Islami: Kajian Terhadap Rahsia Perubatan Pesakit)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
علي عارف
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Monetary Compensation ◽  
Prior Consent ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Civil Laws

ملخّص يرمي هذاالبحث إلى بيان القضايا الشرعية التي تتعلق بالسر المهني، وبيان ما أبداه الفقه الإسلامي المعاصر من اهتمام بأحكامها، مع ذكر المسوغات والاستثناءات الشرعية في إفشائه، وتأصيل ذلك تأصيلاً شرعياً. ولقد جمع الباحث بين المنهج الاستقرائي في تتبع النصوص الشرعية، وجمع آراء الفقهاء القدامى منهم والمعاصرين، ثم تحليلها والمقارنة بينها ثم ترجيح ما يراه الباحث راجحاً، مع الإشارة إلى أحكام القوانين الوضعية في مثل هذه الحالات. ولقد توصل الباحث إلى أن السر الطبي حق للمريض لا يحق للطبيب إفشاؤه إلا برضا المعني حفاظاً على الأمانة أو في حالات استثنائية محدودة، كما أنه جريمة يعاقب عليها تعزيراً في الفقه الإسلامي، مع إيجاب التعويض في حالة لحوق الضرر المادي. الكلمات الرئيسة: إفشاء السر، السر الطبي، خيانة الأمانة، كتمان السر، التعويض المالي. Abstract This research aims to explain Islamic legal issues related to professional secrecy, and state the views from the contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence on the matter. It also mentions Islamic legal rationale and exceptions to reveal secrecy, grounded on legitimate arguments. In doing so, the researcher combines between inductive approach in finding the relevant religious texts, and the opinions of classical and modern scholars, and analyzing them and comparing among them in order to arrive at the more proper opinion among them, with reference to the provisions found in current civil laws for such cases. The researcher found that medical secrecy is the right of the patient and in order to preserve the trustworthiness, the doctor may not disclose it without his (patient’s) prior consent, or he is allowed to disclose it only in certain exceptional cases. It is also found that it could become an offence under the Islamic law, which is punishable through discretionary judgment, and obligation of compensation in cases of physical damages to the patient. Key Words: Revealing Secrecy, Medical Secrecy, Betrayal of Trust, Hiding Secret, Monetary Compensation. Abstrak Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan isu perundangan yang berkaitan dengan kerahsiaan dalam amalan profesional seterusnya menjelaskan pandangan dari Fiqah Islam kontemporari mengenai isu ini. Ia juga menyatakan sebab-sebab dan keadaan-keaadaan yang dikecualikan untuk melakukannya berdasarkan kepada hujah-hujah yang perundangan yang muktamad. Untuk tujuan  ini, penyelidik menggabungkan antara pendekatan induktif dalam mendapatkan teks-teks agama yang relevan dan juga pendapat ulama lama dan moden. Analisa dan perbandingan di antara pendapat-pendapat ini akan dibuat untuk melihat yang manakah di antaranya yang lebih kukuh berdasarkan juga kepada apa yang boleh didapati daripada undang-undang sivil semasa untuk kes-kes tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kerahsiaan perubatan adalah hak pesakit dan pegawai perubatan berkenaan tidak boleh mendedahkan perkara tersebut tanpa persetujuannya untuk menjaga apa yang telah diamanahkan kepadanya atau atau dalam keadaaan-keaadaan tertentu yang dikecualikan. Ia juga didapati bahawa pendedahan yang dilakukan boleh menjadi satu kesalahan yang boleh dihukum berdasarkan Undang-undang Islam, serta boleh dituntut ganti ruginya sekiranya ia melibatkan kemudaratan berbentuk fizikal yang mungkin dialami oleh pesakit. Kata Kunci: Penyebaran Rahsia, Rahsia Perubatan, Khianat, Menyimpan Rahsia, Gantirugi Harta.

Compulsory Heirship and Freedom of Testation in Islamic Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 629-647
Author(s):  
Nadjma Yassari
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Share ◽  
Ibn Hazm

Islamic succession law is grounded in the concept of forced heirship, with the deceased having the right to dispose only of one-third of his or her estate. With the position of legal heirs being so strong, a priori there is no need for instruments to override the deceased’s testamentary freedom. Modern legislatures have, however, altered the system with the introduction of the ‘obligatory bequest’ for orphaned grandchildren (al-waṣiyya al-wājiba), a scheme originating in the extinguished Ẓāhirī school of law and in particular in the works of Andalusian scholar Ibn Ḥazm († 1064). This is remarkable as traditional Islamic jurisprudence does not recognise any right of representation. As a result an orphaned grandchild will be awarded, to varying degrees, a share in the estate and the (implicit or explicit) will of the testator is thereby altered.

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