The Child-Friendly School Program for Developing a Character School in the Primary Schools of Binjai City, Indonesia

This research is a qualitative research in the form of a case study. This research is conducted at Binjai State Elementary School, Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to implement a child-friendly school program and develop student character programmed in the Primary Schools of Binjai Ciy, Indonesia. The respondents of this study are principals and teachers. The results of this study are child-friendly school policies at Primary Schools of Binjai City encourage all school residents to care about the school environment and be anti-violent so that the atmosphere at school becomes healthy, safe and comfortable. The formation of the character of students through child-friendly schools Primary Schools of Binjai City is going well because the teachers at the school have formed the character of students including students who are diligent and diligent in learning, respect for teachers, discipline, respect each other so as to form a community friendly study. Child-friendly school programs are very effective in forming a safe and conducive school environment and supporting the development of student character, in addition to encouraging schools to develop infrastructure to support learning. The study also found that some schools still have obstacles in developing a school culture for the direction of child-friendly schools. In general, Primary Schools of Binjai City has implemented child-friendly education, where the school has attempted various programs and activities in implementing child-friendly education.

Effects of Diet on the Microbiome and Serum Metabolome of South Asian Infants at 1 Year

Diet is known to affect the gut microbiome and metabolome composition in adults, but this has not been fully explored in infants. Dietary patterns from 1 year-old infants (n=182) from the South Asian Birth Cohort (START) study were compared to gut microbiome alpha and beta diversity and to taxa abundance differences. Diet – serum metabolite associations were identified using multivariate analysis (partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) and univariate analysis (T-Test). Dietary biomarkers identified from START were also examined in a separate cohort of white Caucasian infants (CHILD Cohort Study, n=82). Lastly, the association of diet with gut microbiome and serum biomarkers, considering maternal, perinatal and infant characteristics was investigated using multivariate forward stepwise regression. A dietary pattern characterized by breastfeeding, supplemented by formula and dairy was the strongest predictor of the gut microbiome that also differentiated the serum metabolome of infants. The formula and dairy dietary pattern was associated with a panel of circulating metabolites in both cohorts, including: S-methylcysteine, branched-chain/aromatic amino acids, lysine, dimethylglycine, and methionine. Breastfeeding status, the prominent feature of the dietary pattern, was also associated with a sub-set of serum metabolites in both cohorts. In START, this diet pattern was associated with the metabolites tryptophan betaine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and trimethyl-N-oxide. In the CHILD Cohort Study(CHILD), breastfeeding status was associated with the metabolites aminooctanoic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and methyl-proline. The results of our study suggest that breastfeeding has the largest effect on the composition of the gut microbiome and the serum metabolome at 1 year, even when solid food diet and other covariates are considered.

Empowering Families Through Research-Based Museum Exhibits on Child Development: Impacts on Parents and Implications for Researcher- Museum Partnerships

Increased recognition of the need to study child development in more naturalistic contexts has led to the formation of partnerships between researchers and museums. Researcher- museum partnerships provide researchers access to families and more naturalistic contexts within which to study child development. Although benefits for researchers are well established, benefits for the museum or visitors are less clear. To investigate potential benefits of research exhibits for parents, we compared the impact of a research toy exhibit and permanent museum exhibits at a children’s museum. Although parents reported that their children had less fun at the research exhibit, parents learned more at the research exhibit and reported that the research exhibit raised more questions and had greater relevance to them compared with permanent exhibits. Parents were also more likely to apply ideas from the research exhibit into their daily life compared with permanent exhibits. Our findings support unique benefits for research exhibits for parents and indicate a need to showcase potential learning opportunities for visitors in future research-museum partnerships.

The prevalence and burden of recurrent headache in Australian adolescents: findings from the longitudinal study of Australian children

Background Headache disorders are highly prevalent worldwide, but not well investigated in adolescents. Few studies have included representative nationwide samples. This study aimed to present the prevalence and burden of recurrent headache in Australian adolescents. Methods The prevalence of recurrent headache, headache characteristics (severity and frequency) and burden on health-related quality of life in Australian children aged 10–17 years were presented, using nationally representative data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian children (LSAC). The LSAC, commencing in 2004, collects data every 2 years from a sample of Australian children of two different age cohorts: B ‘baby’ cohort, aged 0–1 years and K ‘kindergarten’ cohort, aged 4–5 years at the commencement of the study. Face-to-face interviews and self-complete questionnaires have been conducted with the study child and parents of the study child (carer-reported data) at each data collection wave, with seven waves of data available at the time of the current study. Wave 7 of the LSAC was conducted in 2016, with B cohort children aged 12–13 years and K cohort children aged 16–17 years. For the current study, data were accessed for four out of seven waves of available data (Wave 4–7) and presented cross-sectionally for the two cohorts of Australian children, for the included age groups (10–11 years, 12–13 years, 14–15 years and 16–17 years). All available carer-reported questionnaire data pertaining to headache prevalence, severity and frequency, general health and health-related quality of life, for the two cohorts, were included in the study, and presented for male and female adolescents. Carer-reported general health status of the study child and health-related quality of life scores, using the parent proxy-report of the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0, were compared for male and female adolescents with recurrent headache and compared with a healthy group. Finally, health-related quality of life scores were compared based on headache frequency and severity. Results The LSAC study initially recruited 10,090 Australian children (B cohort n = 5107, K cohort n = 4983), and 64.1% of the initial sample responded at wave 7. Attrition rates across the included waves ranged from 26.3% to 33.8% (wave 6 and 7) for the B cohort, and 16.3% to 38.0% (wave 4–7) for the K cohort. Recurrent headache was more common in females, increasing from 6.6% in 10–11 years old females to 13.2% in 16–17 years old females. The prevalence of headache in males ranged from 4.3% to 6.4% across the age groups. Health-related quality of life scores were lower for all functional domains in adolescents with recurrent headache, for both sexes. Headache frequency, but not severity, was significantly associated with lower health-related quality of life scores, in both males and females. Conclusions Recurrent headache was common among Australian adolescents and increased in prevalence for females, across the age groups. Frequent recurrent headache is burdensome for both male and female adolescents. This study provides information regarding the prevalence and burden of recurrent headache in the adolescent population based on findings from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.

Factors Related to Ventilation Tube Extrusion Time in Children and Adults

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting extrusion time in both children and adults with ventilation tube (VT) insertion, providing useful information for clinicians for better decision-making, follow strategy, and potentially improve clinical outcomes for these patients. Methods: Data from patients receiving myringotomy with VT insertion from January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012, were retrospectively collected and analyzed by the end of 2018. Various factors, including age, gender, history of VT insertion, tympanogram, size of VT used, local finding of tympanic membrane, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and postoperative ear infection, were included and analyzed to examine the effects of these factors on extrusion time. Results: A total of 447 patients were included in this study (Child group–Adult group = 237:210). The overall average extrusion time was 225.85 days. In the subgroup analysis, the average time was 221.3 days and 231.0 days for children and adults, respectively. The results showed that the VT extrusion time was significantly longer in participants without a history of VT insertion and in those where larger sized VTs were inserted in both age-groups. Male gender had an influence on extrusion time in children. In addition, a history of VT insertion and VT size were determined to be factors related to extrusion before 12 months in children. Conclusion: History of VT insertion and VT size were significantly related to VT extrusion time in both children and adults and defined as factors associated with extrusion before 12 months in children. The findings suggest avoiding VT with a diameter < 1 mm and considering an appropriately larger size in patients with a history of VT insertion to optimize VT retention.

Post hoc analysis in patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) who progressed to Child-Pugh B (CPB) liver function in the phase III REFLECT study of lenvatinib (LEN).

298 Background: The treatment landscape for pts with uHCC has recently expanded. However, there is an unmet need for effective treatment options in CPB pts. LEN is approved first-line in uHCC based on the REFLECT study (Child-Pugh A [CPA] pts were allowed, per inclusion criteria). In a prior analysis of REFLECT, pts treated with LEN benefited irrespective of baseline liver function (ALBI grade 1 or 2; Child-Pugh score 5 or 6). To determine outcomes in pts with reduced liver function, we report a post hoc analysis of key efficacy and safety results in LEN-treated pts from REFLECT who progressed to CPB and those who did not within the first 8 weeks of treatment. Methods: In REFLECT, pts with uHCC were randomized 1:1 to LEN (per bodyweight: 12 mg/day for ≥60 kg; 8 mg/day for < 60 kg) or sorafenib (400 mg twice daily) in 28-day cycles. This analysis assessed ORR. Landmark analyses (starting at week 8) of PFS, time-to-progression (TTP), and OS in CPB pts and in pts who remained CPA at 8 weeks post-randomization were also conducted. Tumors were assessed by mRECIST by independent imaging review. Safety was also assessed from baseline. Results: This subgroup analysis included LEN-treated pts (n = 60) who progressed to CPB within the first 8 weeks of treatment (CPB pts) and 413 pts who did not (CPA pts). At baseline, 26.7% and 73.1% of pts had an ALBI grade of 1 and 73.3% and 26.9% of pts had an ALBI grade of 2 in CPB and CPA pts, respectively. ORR was 28.3% (95% CI 16.9–39.7) for CPB pts and 42.9% (95% CI 38.1–47.6) for CPA pts. A landmark analysis showed a median PFS of 3.7 mos (95% CI 1.8–7.4) for CPB pts and 6.5 mos (95% CI 5.6–7.4) for CPA pts from the week 8 timepoint. Landmark analyses at week 8 also showed that the median TTP was 5.6 mos (95% CI 3.5–9.3) for CPB pts and 7.3 mos (95% CI 5.6–7.4) for CPA pts; the median OS was 6.8 mos (95% CI 2.6–10.3) for CPB pts and 13.3 mos (95% CI 11.6–16.1) for CPA pts per week 8 landmark analyses. As expected, efficacy appeared to be greater in CPA pts versus CPB pts; however, OS of 6.8 months in CPB pts after the week 8 landmark is notable. Moreover, median duration of treatment was 3.2 mos for CPB pts and 6.9 mos for CPA pts, thereby suggesting CPB pts can remain on LEN. The incidence of grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) was 71.7% in CPB pts and 54.7% in CPA pts. TRAEs leading to discontinuation occurred in 18.3% of CPB pts and 7.5% of CPA pts. Conclusions: In this post hoc analysis of pts in REFLECT, we examine the key efficacy and safety results for LEN-treated pts who progressed to CPB by week 8. This post hoc analysis is limited by its descriptive nature; however, the results indicate that further study of LEN in CPB pts with uHCC is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT01761266.

Magnetoencephalography and developmental cognitive neuroscience

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an exceptionally useful tool to study child development. It measures brain waves: fluctuations in the magnetic field around the head caused by changes in the local field potential of neuronal populations that fire in synchrony. MEG has a high-temporal resolution, and a reasonable degree of spatial precision. It offers insights into how the brain responds to events, how brain rhythms affect perception and performance, and how different areas talk to each other. In addition to its scientific benefits, MEG is safe, silent, and requires relatively little setup time. In this chapter, the authors outline the origins of the MEG signal, provide practical tips specific to testing children, and describe a wide variety of analysis methods.

Prevalence and Social Inequality in Experiences of Domestic Abuse Among Mothers of Young Children: A Study Using National Survey Data from Scotland

Domestic abuse is a pernicious societal issue that has both short- and long-term consequences for those who are victimized. Research points to motherhood being linked to women’s victimization, with pregnancy being a particular point of risk. Across UK jurisdictions, new legislation aims to extend the criminalization of domestic abuse to include coercive control. Less clear is the relationship between mothers’ victimization of different “types” of abuse and other factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and level of education. The article makes an original contribution to knowledge by addressing these limitations of the existing literature. Using nationally representative data from a Scottish longitudinal survey ( N = 3,633) into children’s development this article investigates the social stratification of mothers’ exposure to different types of abuse, including coercive control, physical abuse, and threats. Overall, 14% of mothers report experiencing any type of domestic abuse since the birth of the study child (age 6), of which 7% experienced physical abuse. Compared to mothers in the highest income households, mothers in the lowest income quintile were far more likely to experience any form of abuse (Logistic Regression, OR = 3.55), more likely to have experienced more types of abuse and to have experienced these more often ( OR = 5.54). Age had a protective effect, with mothers aged 20 or younger at most risk of abuse ( OR = 2.60 compared to mothers aged 40+). Interaction effects between age and income suggested that an intersectional lens may help explain the cumulative layers of difficulty which young mothers on low incomes may find themselves in when it comes to abusive partners. The pattern of social stratification remained the same when comparing different types of abuse. Mothers of boys were more likely to experience abuse, and to experience more types of abuse, more often. We reflect on how these findings could inform existing policy interventions.

Determinants of Childhood Diarrhea in Households with Improved Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Ethiopia: Evidence from a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Determinants of childhood diarrhea in households with improved WASH (ie, households with improved drinking water sources, improved sanitation facilities, and those who practiced safe child stool disposal) are limited. This study aimed to identify the determinants of diarrhea among under-five children exclusively in households with improved Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH). Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study design was followed, and data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted between 2005 and 2016 in Ethiopia was used. A total of 1,975 child-mother pairs (257 children with diarrhea and 1718 children without diarrhea) in households with improved WASH were included in this study. Hierarchical conditional logistic regression models were used. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to determine the strength of association. Results: Children aged 13 to 24 months (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.70, 95%CI: 1.69-4.32), children who did not receive the measles vaccine (AOR = 2.33, 95%CI: 1.60-3.39), and those residing in the agrarian region (AOR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.10-2.49) were significantly more likely to develop diarrheal morbidity. The size of the child at birth was also found to be significantly associated with diarrheal morbidity. Conclusion: In this study, child factors (age of the child, vaccinated for measles, and the size of a child at birth), and household-related factors (contextual region) had a significant effect on the risk of childhood diarrheal morbidity in households with improved WASH in Ethiopia.