scholarly journals A Fundamental Objection to Tax Equity Norms: A Call for Utilitarianism

10.3386/w4961 ◽  
1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Kaplow
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Objection

scholarly journals A FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTION TO TAX EQUITY NORMS: A CALL FOR UTILITARIANISM

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-514
Author(s):  
LOUIS KAPLOW
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Objection

3. Future generations

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Robin Attfield
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Identity Problem ◽  
Future People ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fundamental Objection

Concern about future generations stretches as far back as the Ten Commandments, but the belief that present people can significantly change the future originated as recently as the Enlightenment, along with the belief that our generation may be judged by posterity. ‘Future generations’ considers the moral standing of future generations; the fundamental objection to that belief—‘the Non-Identity Problem’; and the discounting of future interests. If it is agreed that future people and their interests matter, it is still widely held that their interests count for less than current interests. Future preferences and needs are discussed with some of the harmful practices that are detrimental to human and non-human health.

Tensile Tests with Flat (Straight) Test-Specimens

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-223
Author(s):  
R. Ariano
Keyword(s):  
Test Specimen ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
American Chemical Society ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Ring Test ◽  
Rubber Ring ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
Center Section

Abstract It is of course a well known fact that both ring test-specimens and flat or straight test-specimens are used in testing rubber. Ring test-specimens have for a long time been the most generally used type for testing rubber mixtures, whereas in American laboratories straight test-specimens are preferred. Ring test-specimens are the more convenient to use, but they are open to one fundamental objection, that different parts of the cross section of the rubber are elongated to different extents at any particular moment. Even straight test-specimens are not free from objectionable features. With this type of test-specimen, the inequality in the deformation at any particular instant results from the necessity of having enlarged ends for the testing machine to avoid breakage of the test-specimens in the jaws. It therefore becomes necessary to study systematically the form and dimensions of the end sections of the test-specimens and of the junction of these end sections with the central section, so that the points of rupture will not become localized in the sections in the jaws or close to these sections. As a matter of fact, an extensive investigation of this problem has been made by the Physical Testing Committee of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society. By a proper study of the shape of the test-specimen, it is possible to design the test-specimen so that rupture occurs in the center section and therefore so that satisfactory tensile strength measurements are obtained.

scholarly journals Anthropocenic Limitations to Climate Engineering

Humanities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Oomen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Climate Engineering ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Future Experimentation ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
Climatic System ◽  
Radiation Management ◽  
And Control

The development of climate engineering research has historically depended on mostly western, holistic perceptions of climate and climate change. Determinations of climate and climate change as a global system have played a defining role in the development of climate engineering. As a result, climate engineering research in general, and solar radiation management (SRM) in particular, is primarily engaged in research of quantified, whole-Earth solutions. I argue that in the potential act of solar radiation management, a view of climate change that relies on the holistic western science of the climatic system is enshrined. This view, dependent on a deliberative intentionality that seems connected to anthropocenic notions of responsibility and control, profoundly influences the assumptions and research methods connected to climate engineering. While this may not necessarily be to the detriment of climate engineering proposals—in fact, it may be the only workable conception of SRM—it is a conceptual limit to the enterprise that has to be acknowledged. Additionally, in terms of governance, reliability, and cultural acceptance, this limit could be a fundamental objection to future experimentation (or implementation).

Rubber. XVIII. Various Ozonides of Rubber and the Problem of the Existence of the Primary Ozonides of Harries

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31
Author(s):  
Rudolf Pummerer ◽  
Hermann Richtzenhain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Mesityl Oxide ◽  
Addition Reactions ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Primary Reaction ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
Great Stress ◽  
Valuable Service ◽  
General Method

Abstract A permanently valuable service was rendered by Harries when he introduced the ozone cleavage of unsaturated compounds as a general method of investigation in organic chemistry. By analogy with other addition reactions of double bonded carbon atoms he derived the formula (a) for the ozonides which are first formed, but to support the existence of which he was able to obtain only scant experimental data. Harries relied above all on two observations, first, that mesityl oxide ozonide reverts to mesityl oxide when heated by itself, and, secondly, that fumaric acid is supposed to combine loosely with ozone and then readily split off again. Both of these suppositions have remained undisputed up to the present time. Harries reported that it was not possible, with any of a wide variety of reducing agents, to reduce the ozonides to the original compounds or to 1,2-glycols, as would be expected from their structure. Staudinger has laid great stress on this fundamental objection, and he considers that most ozonides have an isoözinide formula, as shown by formula (b) above, in which the carbon chain is already ruptured, so that by reduction only the usual types of cleavage products rather than glycols with intact carbon chains can be formed, as has been found experimentally. Staudinger assumed that the primary reaction products of treatment with ozone are molozonides containing the group:

scholarly journals Katzova semantika unutar i izvan transformacijske gramatike

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heda Festini
Keyword(s):  
Causal Theory ◽  
Fundamental Objection

Katz’s semantics (IS) is presented as obsolete attempt to form intensional semantics, and not, as Katz intended — to give dialectical synthesis between classical and causal theory. A fundamental objection refers to an unsuccessful distinction competence/performance, type/replica.

scholarly journals VI.—Second Note on the Expansion Theory of Mountain Evolution

1895 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 308-309
Author(s):  
Charles Davison
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Expansion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Expansion Theory ◽  
Fundamental Objection

In a note published four years ago,1 I pointed out a fundamental objection to the principle of the expansion theory. That objection has been clearly expressed as follows by Prof. Leconte,2 who, like myself, considers it fatal to the theory: “Sedimentation cannot, of course, increase the sum of heat in the earth. Therefore the increased heat of the sediments by rise of isogeotherms, must be taken from somewhere else. Is it taken from below? Then the radius [or rather crust] below must contract as much as the sediments expand, and therefore there will be no elevation. Is it taken from the containing sides? Then the sides must lose as much as the sediments gain, and therefore must contract and make room for the lateral expansion, and therefore there would be no folding and no elevation.”

Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Dennett
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Cognitive Ethology ◽  
Communicative Behavior ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
Intentional Systems ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Intentional System

AbstractEthologists and others studying animal behavior in a “cognitive” spirit are in need of a descriptive language and method that are neither anachronistically bound by behaviorist scruples nor prematurely committed to particular “information-processing models.” Just such an interim descriptive method can be found in intentional system theory. The use of intentional system theory is illustrated with the case of the apparently communicative behavior of vervet monkeys. A way of using the theory to generate data - including usable, testable “anecdotal” data - is sketched. The underlying assumptions of this approach can be seen to ally it directly with “adaptationist” theorizing in evolutionary biology, which has recently come under attack from Stephen Gould and Richard Lewontin, who castigate it as the “Panglossian paradigm.” Their arguments, which are strongly analogous to B. F, Skinner's arguments against “mentalism,” point to certain pitfalls that attend the careless exercise of such “Panglossian” thinking (and rival varieties of thinking as well), but do not constitute a fundamental objection to either adaptationist theorizing or its cousin, intentional system theory.

scholarly journals A permanent magnet for β-ray spectroscopy

1932 ◽  
Vol 135 (828) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Hysteresis Cycle ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Great Saving ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Magnetic Field

1. In a great many experiments it is necessary to use magnetic fields for deflecting particles, and while sometimes no great demand is made on the constancy of the field, in the majority of cases it is essential that the field stays constant to at least one part in a thousand. It is clear that the ideal method of attaining this constancy is by the use of a permanent magnet in place of the usual electromagnet. Moreover, since many types of experiments last for periods of from half-an-hour upwards, a great saving of labour would also be effected. The investigation of β-ray spectra will serve as an illustration of these points. The different homogeneous groups of electrons emitted by the radioactive bodies are separated out into a corpuscular spectrum by means of a magnetic field. These groups are usually detected photographically and with the type of source available it is frequently necessary to give exposures of from half-an-hour up to several hours, during which time it is essential that the magnetic field should remain constant. When using an electromagnet, the method adopted is to control the field current by means of a potentiometer. Even after taking precautions about accumulators and the construction of the electrical circuit, it is generally found necessary to check up the constancy of the field at least once every minute and to make some small adjustment in a series resistance. Even with this continual attention it is clear that the current is not strictly constant but fluctuates about a mean value and the magnetic field goes through a small hysteresis cycle. This latter is a fundamental objection which could be removed by the use of a permanent magnet, while the freedom from attention to a field current would make possible a great number of experiments which at the moment would be too laborious to carry out. With the co-operation of Messrs. Edgar Allen & Co., of Sheffield, we have therefore made experiments to determine whether the construction of a permanent magnet of the requisite size was possible with steels now available. These experiments have been successful and a large magnet for use in β-ray spectroscopy has been built.

ON THE EFFECT OF OVERBURDEN ON ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES—A REVIEW

Geophysics ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalendu Roy
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Fundamental Objection ◽  
The Many ◽  
Major Objection ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Made In

The effect of a conducting overburden in EM prospecting intuitively is considered to be one of degeneration of anomalies, in the sense that the detection of a target and the determination of its unknown parameters become more difficult or ambiguous when an overburden is present than when it is absent. Recently, however, Negi (1967) and Negi and Raval (1969) have suggested on the basis of theoretical work that, if a certain combination of the parameters involved occurs, a conducting overburden can make a target more detectable than it would be without any overburden. These theoretical results and the existing experimental evidence are examined in this paper for the possible existence of “negative screening,” as this effect has been called. Due to a number of incorrect assumptions made in the theoretical analyses by the authors who predicted negative screening, their conclusions do not seem to be valid. A fundamental objection in the case of the stratified sphere, for instance, pertains to the assumption that, in presence of the annulus, the contribution of the inner sphere alone to the total external measurable magnetic field can be obtained by simply subtracting the response of the larger uniform isolated sphere from that of the double sphere. Another major objection concerns the notion in the theoretical analyses that detectability is determined by the contribution from the target alone—a quantity which one can never measure—without regard to the simultaneous contribution from the conducting overburden. Defined on the basis of the measurable total response from the system as a whole, detectability falls progressively with overburden conductivity. Although the existing results of model EM experiments are generally indicative of the absence of a phenomenon like negative screening, no clearcut and indisputable conclusion can be arrived at on the basis of model studies. In some recently published experimental results, there is one solitary instance, unnoticed by the experimenters themselves, which could suggest the existence of negative screening. We believe, however, that, due to the many inherent uncertainties in model EM work, conclusions based on theoretical investigations have to be accepted as more reliable until carefully planned model work is carried out with this specific problem in view.

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