The Cambridge Tripos in Economic and Political Science

This chapter outlines the final phases of Alfred Marshall’s campaign to expand the teaching of economics in Cambridge by creating a three-year bachelor’s degree as the exclusive vehicle for the teaching of economics. Detailing the university politics and arguments employed for and against the teaching of economics, it shows why the particular content and structure of the curriculum took the form that it did. Some of this is a familiar story; but the founding of the new Tripos was only a new starting point, and too often it has simply been assumed that there is no need to consider how this new Tripos actually functioned in the ensuing years—the ‘success’ in creating the degree is read across to its subsequent history. By examining a database of student results over the first 50 years, a more nuanced picture is obtained. In particular, Marshall had laid great stress on a three-year programme. However, the degree was divided into a two-year Part I and a one-year Part II (revised to a one-year Part I/two-year Part II after 1930) and it can be shown that for some time a minority of students of economics completed three years: some just studied Part I, some just Part II. Furthermore, it can also be demonstrated that for most of the interwar years, students studying for three years were less successful in the final classification than those who had studied for Part II only.

Indus Water Treaty: Challenges and Prospects

The growing water scarcity in India and Pakistan and emerging climatic and environmental changes to the Indus basin rivers system are causing a great stress on smoothing working of Indus water treaty 1960. Pakistan Being a lower riparian, facing the issue as to how to reinterpret the Indus Waters Treaty without giving up its water rights. The paper discusses that following the inbuilt constraints of a lower riparian, Pakistan need to adopt a multi-pronged strategy following water rationale to secure its water rights within the scope of the treaty. For this; effective implementation and enhancement of Article VI, VII, constructive diplomatic and political strategy,efficient water uses and sustainable water resource management in Indus-Pakistan.

The unbearable lightness of beauty hidden by/in the pandemic

The dramatic and unprecedented impact of the planetary epidemic, on all contexts of life, has caused a painful deprivation of inalienable freedoms, both individual and collective, in addition to strengthening the global crisis in order to health, economic, social, political, cultural, digital, educational, philosophical, anthropological, ethical, aesthetic aspects. The upheaval of everyday life that has invested the current historical juncture, has been accompanied by the need for care that humanity has always manifested. The father of modern surgery, A. Paré (1517-1590) achieves the transition from a war representation, the war on evil, to a rural representation, the cure of evil. The cure replaces the war. And diseases are placed on a new scenario. Mental and operational. Faced with the disorientation of negative emotions, of which fear represents the profound consequence of the pandemic, it is possible to recall the strategies of regulation that are learned in the process of socialization. People can use coping strategies to deal with environmental stresses to events that might be perceived as uncontrollable and, therefore, sources of great stress. The research and education to the value of beauty, which in the Greek logos is concretely expressed in the harmonic manifestation of being, can be a significant and strategic contribution to the understanding, reading, intuition of man’s measure in all things and in all phenomena, even those new ones belonging to a new world.

Effects of Temperature Rise of Grease on Lubricating Performance of Drive Elements under the Extreme Pressure

To transfer more power and use it in a heavy load environment, the contact surface between the ball and the track must bear great stress. The temperature always rises due to friction, which is more likely to cause problems of material deformation and fatigue failure. As a result, it will be a key technology to maintain a certain lubricating effect of the transmission components under the environment of heavy load and temperature rise. Through the analysis of friction coefficient and electrical contact resistance, the greases are used to test the lubricating effect of the transmission elements under the heavy load condition. The results will be helpful for the industry to use heavy load greases as a reference.

Prevalence of Pregnancy Related Anxiety in Pregnant Women in Southern Fringes of Pune, India

Pregnancy is an important period of women’s life. It is not only a period of great joy, but also one of great stress to a woman both physically and mentally. There are hormonal, physical as well as psychological changes. The Anxiety and depressive symptoms are common during pregnancy. Up to one-third of women may experience anxiety symptoms during pregnancy. Pregnant women worry about the upcoming labor and anticipated pain, also referred to as fear of childbirth or they may be concerned about the health of the child they are carrying or the physical changes they experience. Objective: To find out the Prevalence of Pregnancy related anxiety in pregnant women by using Pregnancy Related Anxiety questionnaire (PRAQ-R2). Design: An observational study was conducted among 70 low-risk Indian pregnant women of age 20–35 years. Setting: A public health care hospital in southern fringes of Pune, India. Participants: 70 low risk pregnant women who attended the hospital were selected as convenient sample. Methods: Participants were recruited as per the selection criteria Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire–Revised were used to collect the data. Results: 78.57% pregnant women had Pregnancy related Anxiety. 33 %pregnant women had mild Anxiety while 32 % women had moderate and 5% were suffering from severe Anxiety. Considering the component of anxiety 74.3% women had fear of giving birth, 77.1 % worries about bearing a handicap child, 74.3% women were concern about own appearance. Conclusion: During the joyful phase of pregnancy there is higher prevalence of pregnancy related anxiety. Key words: Pregnancy, Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ-R2).

COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates eating disorder by social and intrafamilial isolations: importance of familial relationships (Preprint)

UNSTRUCTURED Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic makes children and their parents psychologically stressed. We present a patient with an eating disorder (ED) that rapidly worsened due to stresses and isolations and that was improved by family meeting to reconstitute their relationships, during the pandemic. Case presentation: A father found that his 9-year daughter rapidly lost her weight because of poor oral intake. Her weight had already stopped gaining before the pandemic and rapidly decreased to 22 kg during the pandemic. We diagnosed her as having an ED and administrated nasogastric tube feeding. We guessed that not only social isolations but a disruption of relationship between her and her parents, both of which occurred by the pandemic, also caused her ED. In a family meeting, she revealed that she felt anxious more during the pandemic. After the meeting, her parents rescheduled their works and have dinners together every night. She could eat sufficiently and weigh 31.8 kg. Conclusions: ED children, whose symptoms worsened during the pandemic, are increased during the pandemic since they feel loneliness by social and intrafamilial isolations. Furthermore, the parents are also stressed during the pandemic. Children including those with ED experienced stress directly from the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and indirectly from their parents. Pediatricians should be concerned that children might experience great stress during and after the pandemic.

The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: The COVID-19 epidemic has generated great stress throughout healthcare workers (HCWs). The situation of HCWs should be fully and timely understood. The aim of this meta-analysis is to determine the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers.Method: We searched the original literatures published from 1 Nov 2019 to 20 Sep 2020 in electronic databases of PUBMED, EMBASE and WEB OF SCIENCE. Forty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis with a combined total of 81,277 participants.Results: The pooled prevalence of anxiety is 37% (95% CI 0.31–0.42, I2 = 99.9%) from 44 studies. Depression is estimated in 39 studies, and the pooled prevalence of depression is 36% (95% CI 0.31–0.41, I2 = 99.6%). There are 10 studies reported the prevalence of insomnia, and the overall prevalence of insomnia is 32% (95% CI 0.23–0.42, I2 = 99.5%). The subgroup analysis showed a higher incidence of anxiety and depression among women and the frontline HCWs compared to men and non-frontline HCWs respectively.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused heavy psychological impact among healthcare professionals especially women and frontline workers. Timely psychological counseling and intervention ought to be implemented for HCWs in order to alleviate their anxiety and improve their general mental health.

Material properties and effect of preconditioning of human sclera, optic nerve, and optic nerve sheath

The optic nerve (ON) is a recently recognized tractional load on the eye during larger horizontal eye rotations. In order to understand the mechanical behavior of the eye during adduction, it is necessary to characterize material properties of the sclera, ON, and in particular its sheath. We performed tensile loading of specimens taken from fresh postmortem human eyes to characterize the range of variation in their biomechanical properties and determine the effect of preconditioning. We fitted reduced polynomial hyperelastic models to represent the nonlinear tensile behavior of the anterior, equatorial, posterior, and peripapillary sclera, as well as the ON and its sheath. For comparison, we analyzed tangent moduli in low and high strain regions to represent stiffness. Scleral stiffness generally decreased from anterior to posterior ocular regions. The ON had the lowest tangent modulus, but was surrounded by a much stiffer sheath. The low-strain hyperelastic behaviors of adjacent anatomical regions of the ON, ON sheath, and posterior sclera were similar as appropriate to avoid discontinuities at their boundaries. Regional stiffnesses within individual eyes were moderately correlated, implying that mechanical properties in one region of an eye do not reliably reflect properties of another region of that eye, and that potentially pathological combinations could occur in an eye if regional properties are discrepant. Preconditioning modestly stiffened ocular tissues, except peripapillary sclera that softened. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of posterior ocular tissues permits their stresses to match closely at low strains, although progressively increasing strain causes particularly great stress in the peripapillary region.

U-3 Fundamental Position of Hadtih in Education Philosophy of Muslim Thinkers

Islam has presented a unique and different theory about the sources and essence of knowledge. This theory is linked with idea of oneness of god (Tawheed) presented by Islam. The omnipotent Allah is the source of knowledge. The prophet (PBUH) has laid a great stress on the importance of knowledge. His approach was the finest of all. He even declares a sort of emergency for the acquisition of knowledge. His views and sayings about the learned as reflect his educational thought. The step taken by khulfa Rashidecn for the dissemination of education also reflect. Their education of educational thought. If we analogy the views and theories of other experts and Muslim scholars we come to know that hadith holds a fundamental position of their educational thought. Hadith has a profound impact on their educational thought they focused on ijtihad/ legal reasoning rather than sticking to inertia. They explained Islamic educational thought. Which is imbued with the concept of cameras of god. The explored. The think between hadith and the Quran and played a vital role in organizing Islamic educational value. So this is the need of the brear to adopt the educational thought presented by the prophet.

Empathy and COVID-19: Study in Professionals and Students of the Social Health Field in Ecuador

Empathy plays a fundamental role in health related occupations. In this study, we analysed empathy levels in professionals (117) and students (170) from various healthcare fields in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used in an online survey. The results show high levels of empathy in both groups, influenced by age and gender. The students presented higher levels of personal distress, and their age was negatively correlated to empathy. Additionally, professionals working in physical health scored higher levels of personal distress compared to those in the field of emotional health. COVID-19 has placed social health systems in great stress. Despite this, the personal capacities for empathy of both students and health professionals have not been diminished.