scholarly journals Cellular and Supracellular Planar Polarity: A Multiscale Cue to Elongate the Drosophila Egg Chamber

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Popkova ◽  
Matteo Rauzi ◽  
Xiaobo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Periodic Oscillation ◽  
Planar Polarity ◽  
Fiber Network ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Oriented Cell Division ◽  
Actin Fiber ◽  
Egg Chamber ◽  
And Function ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Tissue elongation is known to be controlled by oriented cell division, elongation, migration and rearrangement. While these cellular processes have been extensively studied, new emerging supracellular mechanisms driving tissue extension have recently been unveiled. Tissue rotation and actomyosin contractions have been shown to be key processes driving Drosophila egg chamber elongation. First, egg chamber rotation facilitates the dorsal-ventral alignment of the extracellular matrix and of the cell basal actin fibers. Both fiber-like structures form supracellular networks constraining the egg growth in a polarized fashion thus working as ‘molecular corsets’. Second, the supracellular actin fiber network, powered by myosin periodic oscillation, contracts anisotropically driving tissue extension along the egg anterior-posterior axis. During both processes, cellular and supracellular planar polarity provide a critical cue to control Drosophila egg chamber elongation. Here we review how different planar polarized networks are built, maintained and function at both cellular and supracellular levels in the Drosophila ovarian epithelium.

scholarly journals Misshapen decreases integrin levels to promote epithelial motility and planar polarity in Drosophila

2013 ◽  
Vol 200 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Lewellyn ◽  
Maureen Cetera ◽  
Sally Horne-Badovinac
Keyword(s):  
Individual Cell ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Planar Polarity ◽  
Egg Chamber ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Complex Organ ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

Complex organ shapes arise from the coordinate actions of individual cells. The Drosophila egg chamber is an organ-like structure that lengthens along its anterior–posterior axis as it grows. This morphogenesis depends on an unusual form of planar polarity in the organ’s outer epithelial layer, the follicle cells. Interestingly, this epithelium also undergoes a directed migration that causes the egg chamber to rotate around its anterior–posterior axis. However, the functional relationship between planar polarity and migration in this tissue is unknown. We have previously reported that mutations in the Misshapen kinase disrupt follicle cell planar polarity. Here we show that Misshapen’s primary role in this system is to promote individual cell motility. Misshapen decreases integrin levels at the basal surface, which may facilitate detachment of each cell’s trailing edge. These data provide mechanistic insight into Misshapen’s conserved role in cell migration and suggest that follicle cell planar polarity may be an emergent property of individual cell migratory behaviors within the epithelium.

scholarly journals Bearing My Heart: The Role of Extracellular Matrix on Cardiac Development, Homeostasis, and Injury Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Catarina Silva ◽  
Cassilda Pereira ◽  
Ana Catarina R. G. Fonseca ◽  
Perpétua Pinto-do-Ó ◽  
Diana S. Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Fibrotic Tissue ◽  
Short Period ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regenerative Therapies ◽  
The Impact

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the heart that imparts fundamental cellular processes during organ development and homeostasis. Most cardiovascular diseases involve severe remodeling of the ECM, culminating in the formation of fibrotic tissue that is deleterious to organ function. Treatment schemes effective at managing fibrosis and promoting physiological ECM repair are not yet in reach. Of note, the composition of the cardiac ECM changes significantly in a short period after birth, concurrent with the loss of the regenerative capacity of the heart. This highlights the importance of understanding ECM composition and function headed for the development of more efficient therapies. In this review, we explore the impact of ECM alterations, throughout heart ontogeny and disease, on cardiac cells and debate available approaches to deeper insights on cell–ECM interactions, toward the design of new regenerative therapies.

Extracellular matrix proteoglycan degradation by human alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. McGowan ◽  
R. J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Fiber Network ◽  
Elastin Fiber ◽  
Elastin Degradation ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Human Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Proteoglycan Degradation ◽  
And Function

Degradation and restructuring of the elastin fiber network of the lung is a pivotal process in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are probably directly involved in elastin degradation, but they may also indirectly influence elastin structure and function by altering other extracellular matrix components such as proteoglycans. In this study the mechanisms of proteoglycan degradation by human alveolar macrophages and neutrophils have been explored. Macrophages appear to utilize plasminogen in solubilizing 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans in extracellular matrix produced by neonatal rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Proteoglycan degradation by macrophages is significantly augmented in the presence of 1% human serum. In contrast, neutrophils apparently utilize intrinsic proteinases to solubilize extracellular matrix proteoglycans, and serum inhibits proteoglycan degradation by these cells. Persistent inflammation in the terminal airways of cigarette smokers may produce proteoglycan degradation and influence elastin fiber architecture where the earliest physiological and anatomic evidence of emphysema appears.

scholarly journals The Emerging Roles of CCN3 Protein in Immune-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Linan Peng ◽  
Yingying Wei ◽  
Yijia Shao ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Ccn Proteins ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Ccn Family ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
And Function

The CCN proteins are a family of extracellular matrix- (ECM-) associated proteins which currently consist of six secreted proteins (CCN1-6). CCN3 protein, also known as nephroblastoma overexpressed protein (NOV), is a member of the CCN family with multiple biological functions, implicated in major cellular processes such as cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recently, CCN3 has emerged as a critical regulator in a variety of diseases, including immune-related diseases, including rheumatology arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the structure and function of the CCN3 protein and summarize the roles of CCN3 in immune-related diseases, which is essential to understand the functions of the CCN3 in immune-related diseases.

Enhanced Structure and Function of Stem Cell-Derived Beta-Like Cells Cultured on Extracellular Matrix

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Singh ◽  
Richard Tan ◽  
Clara Tran ◽  
Thomas Loudovaris ◽  
Helen E. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cells Cultured

scholarly journals Bend, Push, Stretch: Remarkable Structure and Mechanics of Single Intermediate Filaments and Meshworks

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1960
Author(s):  
K. Tanuj Sapra ◽  
Ohad Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Coiled Coils ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Feature ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Nuclear Lamins ◽  
Filament Networks ◽  
And Function

The cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell provides a structural and functional scaffold enabling biochemical and cellular functions. While actin and microtubules form the main framework of the cell, intermediate filament networks provide unique mechanical properties that increase the resilience of both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, thereby maintaining cellular function while under mechanical pressure. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are imperative to a plethora of regulatory and signaling functions in mechanotransduction. Mutations in all types of IF proteins are known to affect the architectural integrity and function of cellular processes, leading to debilitating diseases. The basic building block of all IFs are elongated α-helical coiled-coils that assemble hierarchically into complex meshworks. A remarkable mechanical feature of IFs is the capability of coiled-coils to metamorphize into β-sheets under stress, making them one of the strongest and most resilient mechanical entities in nature. Here, we discuss structural and mechanical aspects of IFs with a focus on nuclear lamins and vimentin.

scholarly journals Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins and Domains in Ribosome Production and Function: Chance or Necessity?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4359
Author(s):  
Sara Martín-Villanueva ◽  
Gabriel Gutiérrez ◽  
Dieter Kressler ◽  
Jesús de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ribosome Assembly ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Precursor Proteins ◽  
Assembly Factors ◽  
Ubiquitin Moiety ◽  
And Function

Ubiquitin is a small protein that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. It operates as a reversible post-translational modifier through a process known as ubiquitination, which involves the addition of one or several ubiquitin moieties to a substrate protein. These modifications mark proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation or alter their localization or activity in a variety of cellular processes. In most eukaryotes, ubiquitin is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins in which it is fused either to itself, constituting a polyubiquitin precursor, or as a single N-terminal moiety to ribosomal proteins, which are practically invariably eL40 and eS31. Herein, we summarize the contribution of the ubiquitin moiety within precursors of ribosomal proteins to ribosome biogenesis and function and discuss the biological relevance of having maintained the explicit fusion to eL40 and eS31 during evolution. There are other ubiquitin-like proteins, which also work as post-translational modifiers, among them the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Both ubiquitin and SUMO are able to modify ribosome assembly factors and ribosomal proteins to regulate ribosome biogenesis and function. Strikingly, ubiquitin-like domains are also found within two ribosome assembly factors; hence, the functional role of these proteins will also be highlighted.

scholarly journals Maternal Uterine Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy

Physiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Osol ◽  
Maurizio Mandala
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Uteroplacental Blood Flow ◽  
Uterine Circulation

Sufficient uteroplacental blood flow is essential for normal pregnancy outcome and is accomplished by the coordinated growth and remodeling of the entire uterine circulation, as well as the creation of a new fetal vascular organ: the placenta. The process of remodeling involves a number of cellular processes, including hyperplasia and hypertrophy, rearrangement of existing elements, and changes in extracellular matrix. In this review, we provide information on uterine blood flow increases during pregnancy, the influence of placentation type on the distribution of uterine vascular resistance, consideration of the patterns, nature, and extent of maternal uterine vascular remodeling during pregnancy, and what is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms.

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