scholarly journals Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Scapaticci ◽  
Ebe D’Adamo ◽  
Angelika Mohn ◽  
Francesco Chiarelli ◽  
Cosimo Giannini
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Currently, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents worldwide. Simultaneously to the epidemic spreading of childhood obesity, the rate of affected young has dramatically increased in the last decades with an estimated prevalence of NAFLD of 3%–10% in pediatric subjects in the world. The continuous improvement in NAFLD knowledge has significantly defined several risk factors associated to the natural history of this complex liver alteration. Among them, Insulin Resistance (IR) is certainly one of the main features. As well, not surprisingly, abnormal glucose tolerance (prediabetes and diabetes) is highly prevalent among children/adolescents with biopsy-proven NAFLD. In addition, other factors such as genetic, ethnicity, gender, age, puberty and lifestyle might affect the development and progression of hepatic alterations. However, available data are still lacking to confirm whether IR is a risk factor or a consequence of hepatic steatosis. There is also evidence that NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). In fact, NAFLD often coexist with central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which represent the main features of MetS. In this Review, main aspects of the natural history and risk factors of the disease are summarized in children and adolescents. In addition, the most relevant scientific evidence about the association between NAFLD and metabolic dysregulation, focusing on clinical, pathogenetic, and histological implication will be provided with some focuses on the main treatment options.

scholarly journals Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance: importance of risk factors and histological spectrum

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Guidorizzi de Siqueira ◽  
Helma P. Cotrim ◽  
Raquel Rocha ◽  
Fernando M. Carvalho ◽  
Luiz A.R. de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Increasing risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a look into chronic periodontitis and insulin resistance

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreenu Thalla ◽  
Kamaraj R ◽  
Kavitha A
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is marked by the excessive intrusion of triglycerides into hepatocytes without any role of alcohol consumption. Various risk factors have been attributed to this disease pathogenesis which involves metabolic disorders, immune response, and even an intricate relationship between the two. The role of insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD has long been known; however, the molecular basis of disease progression under this metabolic backdrop is still being investigated. Similarly, the periodontitis-mediated immune response is another major factor involved in NAFLD manifestation which has generated huge interest. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria elicits a strong immune response which according to studies shows a strong correlation with NAFLD state. Such pre-existing conditions have a strong probability of explaining the disease onset. Additionally, increasing reports of inflammatory response and its links to insulin resistance have further increased the scope of understanding NAFLD. Through this review, we aim to elaborate on these factors explaining their role in the disease progression.

The effects of resveratrol supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forouzan Faghihzadeh ◽  
Payman Adibi ◽  
Azita Hekmatdoost
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Resistance Markers ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is usually associated with insulin resistance, central obesity, reduced glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriacylglycerolaemia. The beneficial effects of resveratrol on metabolic disorders have been shown previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with NAFLD. In this randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial, fifty NAFLD patients were supplemented with either a 500-mg resveratrol capsule or a placebo capsule for 12 weeks. Both groups were advised to follow an energy-balanced diet and physical activity recommendations. resveratrol supplementation reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatic steatosis significantly more than placebo (P<0·05). BMI, waist circumference, serum aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, HDL-cholesterol and apo a1 were reduced significantly in both groups (P<0·05); however, there were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0·05). There were no significant changes in blood pressure, insulin resistance markers and TAG in either group (P>0·05). Our data have shown that 12-week supplementation of 500 mg resveratrol does not have any beneficial effect on anthropometric measurements, insulin resistance markers, lipid profile and blood pressure; however, it reduced ALT and hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD.

scholarly journals Leptin, free leptin index, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio Nobili ◽  
Melania Manco ◽  
Paolo Ciampalini ◽  
Vincenzo Diciommo ◽  
Rita Devito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Nas Score ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective: Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children is increasing dramatically. It is unclear why some patients develop steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis from steatosis, and others do not. A role for leptin has been claimed. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between leptin, insulin resistance (IR) and NAFLD in children. Design and methods: In 72 biopsy-proven NAFLD children (aged 9–18 years; 51M/21F), fasting leptin and its soluble receptor (sOB-R) were measured; free leptin index (FLI) was calculated as leptin/sOB-R; IR was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI-comp); glucose tolerance by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Percentage of total body fat (TBF) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was available in 65 patients. Results: Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting and/or after load glucose tolerance was 11%. HOMA-IR and ISI-comp values were 2.55 ± 1.39 and 4.4 ± 2. NASH was diagnosed in 38 and simple steatosis in 25 children; diagnosis was indeterminate in 29 children. Increased fibrosis, mostly of mild severity, was observed in 41 patients. Median NAFLD activity (NAS) score was 3.42 ± 1.60. According to histology, levels of leptin and FLI increased as steatosis (leptin from 11.9 ± 6.3 in score 1 to 17.4 ± 6.9 in score 2 (P = 0.01) and 22.2 ± 6.8 ng/ml in score 3 (P < 0.001); FLI 2.56 ± 1.40, 3.57 ± 0.34, 4.45 ± 0.64 respectively (P = 0.05)); ballooning (from 13.7 ± 6.7 in score 1 to 17 ± 7.5 in score 2 (P = 0.001) and 22.1 ± 7.1 ng/ml in score 3 (P = 0.01); FLI 2.81 ± 1.50, 3.40 ± 1.65, 4.57 ± 1.67 (P = 0.01 between 0 and 2)); fibrosis (from 14.3 ± 7 to18.3 ± 6.9; P = 0.03; FLI 3.03 ± 1.57 vs 3.92 ± 077; P < 0.05) and NAS score (score 1–2: 12.9 ± 6.9; score 3–4: 17 ± 6.9 (P = 0.01); score 5–7: 22.9 ± 7.5 ng/ml (P = 0.03); FLI 2.70 ± 1.53, 3.12 ± 1.53, 4.58 ± 1.57 P = 0.01 and P = 0.05 between 1–2 vs 3–4 and 3–4 vs 5–7 respectively) worsened. Higher leptin correlated with more severe steatosis, ballooning and NAS score (r0 = 0.6, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively; for all P < 0.001); FLI with ballooning (r0 = 0.4, P < 0.0001), steatosis (r0 = 0.5, P < 0.0001) and NAS score (r0 = 0.5, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Leptin and liver injury correlated independently of age, BMI and gender in the present study. Nevertheless, any causative role of leptin in NAFLD progression could be established. Thus, studies are needed to define whether the hormone plays a major role in the disease.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight Children and its Relationship with Retinol Serum Levels

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suano de Souza ◽  
Silverio Amancio ◽  
Saccardo Sarni ◽  
Sacchi Pitta ◽  
Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the retinol serum levels, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in overweight/obese children. To relate these biochemical variables with the risk of this disease in the population studied. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and prospective, with 46 overweight/obese school children (28 female, 18 male; mean age 8.6 years). The control group consisted of 45 children, paired by age and gender. Hepatic steatosis, evaluated by ultrasound, was classified as normal, mild, moderate, or severe. Also evaluated were serum retinol levels; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; lipid profile; and fasting glucose and serum insulin levels, used for the calculation of the Homeostasis Model Assessment. Results: Hepatic ultrasound alterations were found in 56.5% and 48,9% of the overweight/obese and control group children, respectively. Presence of obesity was associated with high levels of triglycerides (OR = 4.6; P = 0.002). In the studied children, the risk of steatosis was related to a trend to a higher percentage of retinol inadequacy (OR = 2.8; p = 0.051); there was no association with thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid profile, or insulin resistance. Conclusions: The high frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in both groups, evaluated by hepatic ultrasound, in low-socioeconomic level children, independent of nutritional condition and without significant association with insulin resistance, emphasizes that especially in developing countries, other risk factors such as micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. vitamin A) are involved.

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