To the Anniversary of the Teacher, Pedagugue, Scientist and Friend — Margarita V. Mel’nik

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Deferred Tax Accounting Concepts and Their Bond to the Accounting Ideologies

Deferred taxes are an important object of accounting observation to judge the degree of discrepancies between financial and tax accounting. Meanwhile, the information discloses to users the effects arising from the tax planning tools usage for corporate management and forecasting cash outflows associated with the payment of income tax in the future. The paper formalized two concepts of accounting for deferred taxes in the form of models: temporary and timing differences associated with accounting ideologies. The author ha structured the logic of reflecting deferred taxes on accounting accounts using the balance sheet and “cost” methods. Analysis of foreign experience and domestic practice made it possible to conclude that there are controversial issues on the assessment of deferred taxes in reporting, including at present value. Also, the author revealed discrepancies in Russian Accounting Standard (PBU) 18/02 which were conceptually different from a similar international standard and conflicting with it in a number of theoretical and methodological positions. The research results are aimed at scientific and practical workers in the field of financial accounting, taxation and audit.

Improvement of the Statement of Financial Results as an Information Base for Strategic Decision Making

The article presents the results of a study of the possibilities to improve approaches to generating a report on financial results as an information base for making strategic decisions. It critically analyses the significance of the changes in this report, stipulated by the draft federal accounting standard for the non-state sector “Financial statements of the organization” (FAS FS), which should come into force from 2021. The authors identify and systematize the main changes planned by the FAS FS draft in report on financial results formation, including not only adjusting certain articles, but also improving the approaches to the presentation of a number of indicators. The importance of each of these changes, their positive and negative significance for the persons making strategic decisions is determined; the main problematic and debatable issues to improve the formation of the report on financial results from the perspective of users of the reporting are identified. An example of the form of the report on financial results is provided, aimed at presenting the reliable and understandable information necessary for decision-making users. The results of the study can be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of forming a report on financial results, and can also be applied in the practical work of the accounting departments of organizations, in the educational process of higher educational institutions and in the creation and improvement of relevant regulatory documents on accounting.

Internal Control in State Institutions

The article considers the features of the state institutions activities related to their organizational structure, areas of their activity and the composition of objects under control. It defines the main directions of internal control in the budgetary sphere and reveals the features of the budget process management. The author highlights the topical issues related to the necessity of strengthening the regulation of the state institutions activities and improving the internal control system. The purpose of the research is to analyze the procedure for organizing internal financial control in the state institutions and determine the main directions for its improvement. In the course of the research, the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction, logical thinking, and the dialectic method of cognition were used. The peculiarities of the organization of internal control in state institutions are related to the fact that they face a dual task. On the one hand, it is necessary to ensure the rational use of budget funds and resources allocated for the maintenance of their apparatus. On the other hand, it is necessary to ensure control over the rational distribution and effective use of budget funds in subordinate organizations. The actuality of considering the issues of internal control regulation is determined by the necessity of creating a cross-cutting risk-oriented internal control system aimed at the effective use of public resources provided for organizations. The results of the research include the development of a methodological approach to improving the mechanisms of organizing internal financial control in federal executive bodies. It is concluded that strengthening the regulation and unification of internal control in the state institutions contributes to improving the quality of public resource management.

Blockchain as a Tool for Increasing Information Transparency of the Business Ecosystem

The rapid development of blockchain allows us to refresh and update our technological approaches to the formation of business information. According to experts future blockchain ecosystems will form a different philosophy of organizing financial and management accounting. The aim of the study is to identify trends in the development of blockchain technology, forecast the consequences of its application in the accounting and information area of economic entities. Its methodology is based on the use of the following methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, systemic and logical approach, the method of analogies and grouping. The paper provides an overview of studies of authoritative global platforms about the potential of using blockchain technology and distributed ledgers in the financial, economic, accounting and control spheres. The authors analyzed global initiatives for the development of blockchain technology which actively had being discussed in the world community. The essence and approaches to the definition of blockchain are shown, as well as the classification of blockchain systems types. The trends in the development of blockchain in the field of management activities and the potential possibilities of its application at certain stages of the accounting process are revealed. It is concluded that the use of a blockchain system is an effective platform for the information exchange between economic entities, ensuring its reliability, safety and transparency, forming an instrumental basis for the transactional accounting development. The study may be of interest to national regulators, investors and financial market participants, as well as international business and professional communities.

Problems of Modern Transformation of Statistics

The article is devoted to the problems of statistics transformation due to the appearance of new types of statistical observation which allows accumulating, processing and transfering big volumes of information at high speed. The modern stage of improvement in statistics is connected with the development of information technologies, the effectiveness of which determines the way many technological and methodological problems are solved. Their solution is based on the understanding that statistics is only able to perform its function by reflecting manageable economic phenomena and processes combining systemic, process, structural and functional approaches. The article describes the solution of the problem on the example of labor productivity in the production structure along with working out a system of indicators and using it in the analysis of the management system under consideration. Statistics currently is developing under the influence of digital and Bid Data technologies improvement. Being Internet technologies they are connected with the applications targeting at the formation of market of standardized services which can be used jointly by multiple consumers. This limits the possibility of using them in the basic information statistical processes, the function of which is to support making managerial decisions about particular unique management subjects that are developing under particular unique conditions. But at the same time disruptive digital technologies turn in the factor of the development of statistics as an activity primarily being implemented on the information platforms belonging to the management institutions. The research uses the methods of system and comparative analysis to consolidate modern concepts of economic system management, directions of development in statistics, development of digital technologies and their introduction in statistical processes.

To the Anniversary of Professor Vladimir I. Barilenko

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Statistical Techniques for Planning Internal Audit Engagements and Analytical Procedures Selection

The planning an audit engagement is the most important component that determines the effectiveness of internal audit services, both from the standpoint of improving the efficiency of the company and users of the results of the internal audit work. The use of statistical tools during the planning phase of the audit engagement can be considered as a component of a risk-based approach to internal audit. This research applies such statistical instruments as the normal distribution, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and regression analysis. The methodological support improvement of the internal audit process is one of the ways to perfect a guarantees quality and advice provided by the internal audit unit, as well as to minimize labor costs at the stage of planning an audit and determining the scope of the audit. There had being used such general methods of scientific knowledge as observation and comparison of data, analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction during the research course. The proposed risk-based methodology for defining the scope and objectives of internal audit engagements using statistical tools was developed in conformity with the International Framework for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Supplementary Guide “Planning an Audit Engagement: Defining Objectives and Scope”). The scope of analytical procedures formed in the process of planning the audit engagement allowed to cover the areas of the process that are most at risk of deviations. The practical significance of the study is considered by the possibility of applying the proposed methodology to define the audit assignment scope and its purpose, select the most effective analytical procedures, and minimize the labor costs of the working group. The developed methodology can be used for the work process organization in internal audit departments of business entities; some of its provisions can be applied in order to conduct a self-assessment of the effectiveness of the internal audit function. The use of statistical data analysis tools and publicly available information processing tools can improve the effectiveness of the internal audit function by the way of focusing on the most risky areas of the audited process. The developed methodological support is based on a risk-oriented approach.

To the memory of Anatoly Sheremet — the Founder of a Comprehensive Economic Analysis of Economic Activity

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Vladimir Dmitrievich Novodvorsky — Scientist, Teacher, Inspirer (to the 90th birthday anniversary).

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