scholarly journals The U.S. Energy System and the Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel From Clean Electricity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Male ◽  
Michael C. W. Kintner-Meyer ◽  
Robert S. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The U.S

Jet fuel is relatively small in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions (10% of U.S. transportation sector in 2021, expected to increase to 14% by 2050). Still airlines have ambitious goals to reduce their greenhouse footprints from carbon-neutral growth beginning this year to reducing greenhouse gas emission for international flights by 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. The challenge is heightened by the longevity of the current fleet (30–50 years) and by the difficulty in electrifying the future fleet because only 5% of the commercial aviation greenhouse gas footprint is from regional flights that might, conceivably be electrified using foreseeable technology. Therefore, large amounts of sustainable aviation fuel will be needed to reach the aggressive targets set by airlines. Only 3 million gallons (11.4 ML) of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) (with a heat of combustion totaling about 400 TJ = 0.0004 EJ) was produced in the U.S. in 2019 for a 26 billion gallon per year market (3.6 EJ/year). Fischer-Tropsch and ethanol oligomerization (alcohol-to-jet) are considered for producing SAF, including the use of renewable electricity and carbon dioxide. In sequencing the energy transition, cleaning the U.S. grid is an important first step to have the largest greenhouse gas emissions reduction. While carbon dioxide and clean electricity can potentially provide the SAF in the future, an ethanol oligomerization option will require less energy.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY TRANSITION IN PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950006
Author(s):  
ARSHAD RAZA ◽  
RAOOF GHOLAMI ◽  
MINOU RABIEI ◽  
VAMEGH RASOULI ◽  
REZA REZAEE
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Energy Conversion Systems ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Pakistan is ranked in the 7th position among the affected countries by climate changes. Although many studies have been done on the impacts of climate change in Pakistan, little attention has been given to the need for an energy transition and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in this country. This study highlights the needs of the national energy transition in Pakistan to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Considering the fact that natural gas has lower greenhouse gas emission than coal or oil, Pakistan needs to shift its energy system towards natural gas in the near future. Meanwhile, Pakistan government should take key measures and revise energy policies to support such energy transition by making large gas discoveries, increasing energy conversion systems, and implementing renewable and sustainable energies.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission Offsets of Forest Residues for Bioenergy in Queensland, Australia

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1570
Author(s):  
Leanda C. Garvie ◽  
Stephen H. Roxburgh ◽  
Fabiano A. Ximenes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Harvest Residues

Harnessing sustainably sourced forest biomass for renewable energy is well-established in some parts of the developed world. Forest-based bioenergy has the potential to offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, thereby playing a role in climate change mitigation. Despite having an established commercial forestry industry, with large quantities of residue generated each year, there is limited use for forest biomass for renewable energy in Queensland, and Australia more broadly. The objective of this study was to identify the carbon dioxide mitigation potential of replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy generated from forest harvest residues harnessed from commercial plantations of Pinus species in southeast Queensland. An empirical-based full carbon accounting model (FullCAM) was used to simulate the accumulation of carbon in harvest residues. The results from the FullCAM modelling were further analysed to identify the energy substitution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions offsets of three bioenergy scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that the greatest opportunity to avoid or offset emissions is achieved when combined heat and power using residue feedstocks replaces coal-fired electricity. The results of this study suggest that forest residue bioenergy is a viable alternative to traditional energy sources, offering substantive emission reductions, with the potential to contribute towards renewable energy and emission reduction targets in Queensland. The approach used in this case study will be valuable to other regions exploring bioenergy generation from forest or other biomass residues.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emission from motor vehicles in Poland in 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Anna Olecka ◽  
Krystian Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions

Abstract The article presents the results of the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2015. The inventory was developed in accordance with the applicable guidelines for the annual greenhouse gas emission inventory (Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) by the National Centre for Emissions Management and Balancing (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection – the National Research Institute. The national annual gas emissions from road transport are presented, including: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide along with emissions of the above gases converted into carbon dioxide equivalents. Carbon dioxide makes up the largest share in carbon dioxide emissions. This is particularly evident in the case of road transport – the emission of gases other than carbon dioxide (methane and nitrous oxide) is several orders of magnitude lower than the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide emissions from road transport account currently for approximately 14% of the total carbon dioxide emission in Poland.

scholarly journals Optimal Synergy between Photovoltaic Panels and Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Green Power Supply of a Green Building—A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6304
Author(s):  
Raluca-Andreea Felseghi ◽  
Ioan Așchilean ◽  
Nicoleta Cobîrzan ◽  
Andrei Mircea Bolboacă ◽  
Maria Simona Raboaca
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels

Alternative energy resources have a significant function in the performance and decarbonization of power engendering schemes in the building application domain. Additionally, “green buildings” play a special role in reducing energy consumption and minimizing CO2 emissions in the building sector. This research article analyzes the performance of alternative primary energy sources (sun and hydrogen) integrated into a hybrid photovoltaic panel/fuel cell system, and their optimal synergy to provide green energy for a green building. The study addresses the future hydrogen-based economy, which involves the supply of hydrogen as the fuel needed to provide fuel cell energy through a power distribution infrastructure. The objective of this research is to use fuel cells in this field and to investigate their use as a green building energy supply through a hybrid electricity generation system, which also uses photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy. The fuel cell hydrogen is supplied through a distribution network in which hydrogen production is outsourced and independent of the power generation system. The case study creates virtual operating conditions for this type of hybrid energy system and simulates its operation over a one-year period. The goal is to demonstrate the role and utility of fuel cells in virtual conditions by analyzing energy and economic performance indicators, as well as carbon dioxide emissions. The case study analyzes the optimal synergy between photovoltaic panels and fuel cells for the power supply of a green building. In the simulation, an optimally configured hybrid system supplies 100% of the energy to the green building while generating carbon dioxide emissions equal to 11.72% of the average value calculated for a conventional energy system providing similar energy to a standard residential building. Photovoltaic panels account for 32% of the required annual electricity production, and the fuel cells generate 68% of the total annual energy output of the system.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Chinese Renewable Energy Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 2094-2101
Author(s):  
Long Xi Han ◽  
Jia Jia Zhai ◽  
Lin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The opportunities and challenges in the field of Chinese renewable energy were analyzed through the impact of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction trade, especially CDM on Chinese renewable energy, combined with the enhancement of awareness of voluntary emission reduction, relationship between emission reduction trade and renewable energy, changes in the international trade environment and the rise of the domestic trading system. It is suggested that the renewable energy industry integrates with GHG emission reduction trading system in China and explores the huge double benefit of emission reduction and income increase with market means, providing a reference for the smooth implementation of nationwide CN ETS including varies industries in the carbon trading market in the future, and striving for the speaking right for China to set the marketing price of international GHG emission reduction trading in the future.

scholarly journals ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-110
Author(s):  
N.V. Dvoeglazova ◽  
B.V. Chubarenko ◽  
Y.A. Kozlova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Kaliningrad Region

The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is influenced to a greater extent by a degree of development of industry, a growth of electrification, deforestation, and the burning of fuel for the production of heating and electricity. The contribution of emissions of each of these factors and the ratio of greenhouse gases in them should be taken into account when developing the measures to prevent climate change. According to calculations of emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region the burning of fuel and energy resources are supposed to be playing the main role in the greenhouse gas emission from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. In statistical reference books this activity is described as the “activities for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” The usage of this fuel in the energy sector is increasing: from 1742.4 thousand tons of standard fuel in 1991 up to 2193.9 in 2016. Such little increase in total emissions is due to the general technology improvement in the country. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. The percentage of the gases in the total volume is as follows: CO2 - 96.7%, CH4 - 1%, N2 O - 2.3%. Its emissions for the period from 2013 to 2016 varied from 3,757.4 in 2014 to 4,091.7 in 2015 thousand tons of standard fuel, reaching its maximum value in 2015. The estimate presented in this paper is a lower estimate, since it does not take into account emissions from industrial processes, leaks, land use, waste, etc., as well as from some categories of emission sources due to the lack of data on the use of fuel in the Kaliningrad region. Among other things, the calculations of emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the use of fuel by vehicles in 2016, which have shown to be 1.86 times less than from burning of fossil fuels for the same year (2032.87 Gg CO2 eq. and 3914.79 Gg CO2 eq., respectively) and to account for 34.5% of the total emissions, have been made. Moreover, according to the methodology for calculating emissions the factor of carbon dioxide absorption by the region’s forests has been taken into account. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests has shown to be only 11.9% of the emissions of this gas during the combustion of boiler and furnace fuel.

scholarly journals DEPENDENCE OF THE COST OF ELECTRICITY ON THE VOLUME OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Kononov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Low Carbon Development ◽  
The Cost

The strategy of low-carbon development of the economy and energy of Russia provides for the introduction of a fee (tax) for carbon dioxide emissions by power plants. This will seriously affect their prospective structure and lead to an increase in electricity prices. The expected neg-ative consequences for national and energy security are great. But serious and multilateral research is needed to properly assess these strategic threats

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission of Broiler Chicken Production in Malaysia using Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Syakira Afiqah Suffian ◽  
Atiah Abdullah Sidek ◽  
Toshihiko Matsuto ◽  
Muataz Hazza Al Hazza ◽  
Hazlina Md Yusof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Chicken Farm

The aim of this research was to evaluate the level of greenhouse gas emission from broiler chicken farming industry in Malaysia. In order to achieve that, Life Cycle Assessment method was chosen as a framework to complete the task. A case study was conducted at a broiler chicken farm to gather the data and information related to the broiler chicken production. Cradle-to-gate assessment including distribution stage was conducted based on the ISO14040/1044 guidelines. Inventory data for this case study was gathered in collaboration with one of the selected case study broiler chicken farm company. Greenhouse gas emission that consists of several most affected gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide was studied. Result shows that the highest carbon dioxide emission came from manure, which accounted for 1,665,342 kg CO2 equivalent per total broilers while the highest methane emission came from feed, which accounted for 126,207.84 g CH4 equivalent per total broilers. For nitrous oxide emission, the highest values came from bedding which accounted for 20,316.87 g N2O equivalent per total broilers in the commercial modern broiler chicken farm. In this case study, it can be concluded that manure gives the most prominent effect to the greenhouse gas emission followed by feed and bedding materials. 

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the U.S. Electricity Sector

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-185
Author(s):  
ERIC HIRST ◽  
LESTER BAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
The U.S

Assessment of the risks of using hydrogen instead of carbon-containing fuels in the ferrous metallurgy

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 925-930
Author(s):  
E. A. Alabushev ◽  
I. S. Bersenev ◽  
V. V. Bragin ◽  
A. A. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ferrous Metallurgy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Explosion Hazard ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide

The Paris Agreement, adopted in December of 2015 at the 21st session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties and effected from November of 2016, coordinates the efforts of states to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide. One of its largest emitters to the atmosphere is the metallurgical industry. Among the proposed ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is the widespread use of hydrogen in the ferrous metallurgy. An overview of the problems that the ferrous metallurgy will face when replacing carbon-containing fuels with hydrogen is presented. It was noted that the use of hydrogen in the ferrous metallurgy contains such technological risks as high cost in comparison with currently used fuels and reducing agents; explosion hazard and corrosion activity, the need for a radical reconstruction of thermal units when using hydrogen instead of traditional for the ferrous metallurgy natural, coke and blast furnace gases, as well as solid fuels. It is shown that minimizing these risks is not always possible or economically feasible, and the result of using hydrogen in the ferrous metallurgy instead of carbon-containing fuel from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions may be low with a significant increase of economic and social risks.

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