scholarly journals The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Su ◽  
Farshid Jalalvand ◽  
John Thegerström ◽  
Kristian Riesbeck
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Bacterial Infection

Prebiotic Carbohydrates for Therapeutics.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka Basavaiah ◽  
Prapulla Siddalingaiya Gurudutt
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Insulin Dependent

: The food industry is constantly shifting focus based on prebiotics as health-promoting substrates rather than just food supplements. A prebiotic is ‘‘a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health.” Prebiotics exert a plethora of health-promoting effects, which has lead to the establishment of multimillion food and pharma industries. The following are the health benefits attributed to prebiotics: mineral absorption, better immune response, increased resistance to bacterial infection, improved lipid metabolism, possible protection against cancer, relief from poor digestion of lactose, and reduction in the risk of diseases such as intestinal disease, non-insulin dependent diabetes, obesity and allergy. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated the health benefits of prebiotics.

scholarly journals The host transcriptional response to Candidemia is dominated by neutrophil activation and heme biosynthesis and supports novel diagnostic approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Steinbrink ◽  
Rachel A. Myers ◽  
Kaiyuan Hua ◽  
Melissa D. Johnson ◽  
Jessica L. Seidelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Neutrophil Activation ◽  
Heme Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Abstract Background Candidemia is one of the most common nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States, causing significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, but the breadth of the host response to Candida infections in human patients remains poorly defined. Methods In order to better define the host response to Candida infection at the transcriptional level, we performed RNA sequencing on serial peripheral blood samples from 48 hospitalized patients with blood cultures positive for Candida species and compared them to patients with other acute viral, bacterial, and non-infectious illnesses. Regularized multinomial regression was utilized to develop pathogen class-specific gene expression classifiers. Results Candidemia triggers a unique, robust, and conserved transcriptomic response in human hosts with 1641 genes differentially upregulated compared to healthy controls. Many of these genes corresponded to components of the immune response to fungal infection, heavily weighted toward neutrophil activation, heme biosynthesis, and T cell signaling. We developed pathogen class-specific classifiers from these unique signals capable of identifying and differentiating candidemia, viral, or bacterial infection across a variety of hosts with a high degree of accuracy (auROC 0.98 for candidemia, 0.99 for viral and bacterial infection). This classifier was validated on two separate human cohorts (auROC 0.88 for viral infection and 0.87 for bacterial infection in one cohort; auROC 0.97 in another cohort) and an in vitro model (auROC 0.94 for fungal infection, 0.96 for bacterial, and 0.90 for viral infection). Conclusions Transcriptional analysis of circulating leukocytes in patients with acute Candida infections defines novel aspects of the breadth of the human immune response during candidemia and suggests promising diagnostic approaches for simultaneously differentiating multiple types of clinical illnesses in at-risk, acutely ill patients.

The Pivotal Role of Signal Regulatory Protein α in Exacerbating Pulmonary Fibrosis Complicated with Bacterial Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamaguchi R ◽  
◽  
Sakamoto A ◽  
Haraguchi M ◽  
Narahara S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factor ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 ◽  
Th1 Immune Response

The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. However, bacterial infections in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are a serious complication that exacerbate the disease. Serum levels of Surfactant Protein D (SPD) are known to be elevated in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, but the role of SPD in pulmonary fibrosis complicated with bacterial infection is unknown. Lipopolysaccharide upregulates Interleukin (IL)-12p40 expression and IL-12p40 promotes Interferon Gamma (IFNγ) production to induce the T helper cell 1 (Th1) immune response via Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 4 (STAT4) signaling. A lack of IFNγ shifts the immune response from Th1 to Th2. IL-4 is a profibrotic Th2 cytokine that activates fibroblasts. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induced by IL-1 and TNFα during the Th1 immune response upregulates Signal Regulatory Protein α (SIRPα) expression. Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1) functions as the promoter activator of IL-12p40 after stimulation with LPS. SPD is a ligand for SIRPα, and SPD/SIRPα ligation activates the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase (ERK) signal cascade; ERK downregulates Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1) expression. Consequently, the SPD/SIRPα signaling pathway decreases IL-12p40 production in human macrophages after exposure to LPS. IL-12p40 is a key immunoregulatory factor in bacterial infection that promotes production of IFNγ by T lymphocytes. Pulmonary fibroblasts are activated by IL-4/IL-4R ligation. IFNγ induces IRF1 via STAT1 signaling, and IRF1 acts as the promoter repressor of IL-4 to attenuate its production. IFNγ also inhibits IL-4R expression. A reduction in IFNγ induced by IL-12p40 deficiency via the SPD/SIRPα signaling pathway enhances IL-4 and IL-4R expression to augment the activity of fibroblasts. This finding indicates that pulmonary fibrosis is exacerbated by SPD/SIRPα signaling during bacterial infection.

Immune Response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccination inRenal Transplant Recipients with Well-Functioning Allografts

Nephron ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ş. Sever ◽  
Alaattin Yildiz ◽  
Haluk Eraksoy ◽  
Selim Badur ◽  
Derya Yüksel-Önel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Type B

scholarly journals Megakaryocyte derived immune-stimulating cells regulate host-defense immunity against bacterial pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Wang ◽  
Jiayi Xie ◽  
Xue Han ◽  
Daosong Wang ◽  
Minqi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Bacterial Response ◽  
Stem Cell Quiescence ◽  
Express Cell

Megakaryocytes (MKs) continuously produce platelets in bone marrow to support hemostasis. However, MKs also play roles beyond thrombopoiesis as they regulate hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and erythropoiesis, which suggests the functional heterogeneity of MKs. Here, using single-cell sequencing we identified an MK-derived immune-stimulating cell (MDIC) population, which plays an important role in host-protective response against bacteria. In contrast to platelet-generating MKs, MDICs highly express cell migration, immune-modulatory, and response genes. Upon Listeria (L.) monocytogenes infection, MDICs egress to circulation and infiltrate into the spleen, liver and lung. MDICs interact with myeloid cells to promote their migration and tissue infiltration. More importantly, MDICs stimulate phagocytosis of macrophages and neutrophils by producing TNFα and IL-6 and facilitating antigen-specific T cell activation via IL-6 to enhance anti-bacterial response. Ablation of MKs reduced innate immune response and compromised T cell activation in spleen and liver, impairs the anti-bacterial effects in mice under L. monocytogenes challenge. Finally, infection-induced emergency megakaryopoiesis efficiently stimulated MDICs generation upon bacterial infection. Overall, we identify MDICs as a novel MK subpopulation, which regulates host-defense immune response against bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Producing Interferon Type II, Enhances the Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Rainbow Trout

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Santibañez ◽  
Diego Paine ◽  
Mick Parra ◽  
Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Natalia Valdes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Recombinant Interferon

Lactic acid bacteria are a powerful vehicle for releasing of cytokines and immunostimulant peptides at the gastrointestinal level after oral administration. However, its therapeutic application against pathogens that affect rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon has been little explored. Type II interferon in Atlantic salmon activates the antiviral response, protecting against viral infection, but its role against bacterial infection has not been tested in vivo. In this work, through the design of a recombinant lactic acid bacterium capable of producing Interferon gamma from Atlantic salmon, we explore its role against bacterial infection and the ability to stimulate systemic immune response after oral administration of the recombinant probiotic. Recombinant interferon was active in vitro, mainly stimulating IL-6 expression in SHK-1 cells. In vivo, oral administration of the recombinant probiotic produced an increase in IL-6, IFNγ and IL-12 in the spleen and kidney, in addition to stimulating the activity of lysozyme in serum. The challenge trials indicated that the administration of the IFNγ-producing probiotic doubled the survival in fish infected with F. psychrophilum. In conclusion, our results showed that the oral administration of lactic acid bacteria producing IFNγ managed to stimulate the immune response at a systemic level, conferring protection against pathogens, showing a biotechnological potential for its application in aquaculture.

Bacterial infection of hepatic hydatid cysts with Haemophilus influenzae

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Blenkharn ◽  
I.S. Benjamin ◽  
L.H. Blumgart
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Hepatic Hydatid

CF Monocyte Derived Macrophages Have an Attenuated Response to Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Airway Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Koeppen ◽  
Amanda B Nymon ◽  
Roxanna Barnaby ◽  
Zhongyou Li ◽  
Thomas H Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Innate Immune Genes

Mutations in CFTR alter macrophage responses, for example, by reducing their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. Altered macrophage responses may facilitate bacterial infection and inflammation in the lungs, contributing to morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by multiple cell types in the lungs and participate in the host immune response to bacterial infection, but the effect of EVs secreted by CF airway epithelial cells (AEC) on CF macrophages is unknown. This report examines the effect of EVs secreted by primary AEC on monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) and contrasts responses of CF and WT MDM. We found that EVs generally increase pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and expression of innate immune genes in MDM, especially when EVs are derived from AEC exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that this effect is attenuated in CF MDM. Specifically, EVs secreted by P. aeruginosa exposed AEC induced immune response genes and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemoattractants and chemokines involved in tissue repair by WT MDM, but these effects were less robust in CF MDM. We attribute attenuated responses by CF MDM to differences between CF and WT macrophages because EVs secreted by CF AEC or WT AEC elicited similar responses in CF MDM. Our findings demonstrate the importance of AEC EVs in macrophage responses and show that the Phe508del mutation in CFTR attenuates the innate immune response of MDM to EVs.

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