Vaccine Hesitancy and Rejection of a Vaccine for the Novel Coronavirus in the United States

The arrival of the COVID-19 vaccine has been accompanied by increased discussion of vaccine hesitancy. However, it is unclear if there are shared patterns between general vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine rejection, or if these are two different concepts. This study characterized rejection of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine, and compared patterns of association between general vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine rejection. The survey was conducted online March 20-22, 2020. Participants answered questions on vaccine hesitancy and responded if they would accept the vaccine given different safety and effectiveness profiles. We assessed differences in COVID-19 rejection and general vaccine hesitancy through logistic regressions. Among 713 participants, 33.0% were vaccine hesitant, and 18.4% would reject a COVID-19 vaccine. Acceptance varied by effectiveness profile: 10.2% would reject a 95% effective COVID-19 vaccine, but 32.4% would reject a 50% effective vaccine. Those vaccine hesitant were significantly more likely to reject COVID-19 vaccination [odds ratio (OR): 5.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.39, 9.11]. In multivariable logistic regression models, there were similar patterns for vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine rejection by gender, race/ethnicity, family income, and political affiliation. But the direction of association flipped by urbanicity (P=0.0146, with rural dwellers less likely to be COVID-19 vaccine rejecters but more likely to be vaccine hesitant in general), and age (P=0.0037, with fewer pronounced differences across age for COVID-19 vaccine rejection, but a gradient of stronger vaccine hesitancy in general among younger ages). During the COVID-19 epidemic’s early phase, patterns of vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine rejection were relatively similar. A significant minority would reject a COVID-19 vaccine, especially one with less-than-ideal effectiveness. Preparations for introducing the COVID-19 vaccine should anticipate substantial hesitation and target concerns, especially among younger adults.

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Weather and Policy Influences on Mobility during the U.S. COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-57737/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yihan Wu ◽

Todd Mooring ◽

Marianna Linz

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Change ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The United States ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Local Policy ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Favorable Weather ◽

The U.S

Abstract As the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continues to proliferate across the globe, it is a struggle to predict and prevent its spread. The successes of mobility interventions demonstrate how policies can help limit the person-to-person interactions that are essential to infection. With significant community spread, experts predict this virus will continue to be a threat until a safe and effective vaccine has been developed and widely deployed. We aim to understand mobility changes, measured via mobile device tracking, during the first major quarantine period in the United States by assessing how people changed their behavior in response to policies and to weather. Here we show that consistent national messaging was associated with consistent national behavioral change, regardless of local policy. Furthermore, while behavior changed with favorable weather conditions generally the changes did not increase encounters between people. The independence of encounters and temperatures suggests that behavioral changes will not impact any direct physical modulation of transmission by weather as the pandemic continues. Both of these results are encouraging for the potential of the country to be able to curb the virus with clear national messaging.

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Unique predictors of intended uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine

10.1101/2020.12.11.20235838 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert P. Lennon ◽

Meg L. Small ◽

Rachel A. Smith ◽

Lauren J. Van Scoy ◽

Jessica G. Myrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

The United States ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Public Confidence ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccine Acceptance ◽

Flu Vaccine

AbstractIntroductionAn effective vaccine for COVID-19 is only of value if the public has confidence in taking it. There is little data on COVID-19-specific vaccine confidence or its determinants in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine public confidence in a COVID-19 vaccine.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of Pennsylvanian adults, August-October, 2020, to identify their likelihood of taking an approved, no-cost coronavirus vaccine, general vaccine acceptance, and sociodemographic traits to identify predictors of vaccine acceptance.ResultsOf the 950 respondents, 55% were “very likely”, 20% “somewhat likely”, 14% “unsure”, 4% “somewhat unlikely”, and 7% “very unlikely” to take a coronavirus vaccine, even though 70% had taken the flu vaccine since September 2019. The strongest predictors of vaccine acceptance were trust in the system evaluating vaccines and perceptions of local COVID-19 vaccination norms. The strongest predictors of negative vaccine intentions were worries about unknown side-effects and positive attitudes toward natural infection. Sociodemographic factors, political views, and religiosity did not predict vaccine intentions.ConclusionsFewer adults intend to take a coronavirus vaccine than currently take the flu vaccine. To overcome coronavirus vaccine hesitancy, information campaigns to reinforce positive predictors and overcome negative predictors are indicated.

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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291720004067 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gul Deniz Salali ◽

Mete Sefa Uysal

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Research Effort ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Natural Origin ◽

The Public ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Uk

Abstract Background Much research effort is focused on developing an effective vaccine for combatting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development itself, however, will not be enough given that a sufficient amount of people will need to be vaccinated for widespread immunity. Vaccine hesitancy is on the rise, varies across countries, and is associated with conspiratorial worldview. Given the rise in COVID-19-related conspiracy theories, we aimed to examine the levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in a cross-cultural study. Methods We conducted an online survey in the UK (N = 1088) and Turkey (N = 3936), and gathered information on participants' willingness to vaccinate for a potential COVID-19 vaccine, beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus, and several behavioural and demographic predictors (such as anxiety, risk perception, government satisfaction levels) that influence vaccination and origin beliefs. Results In all, 31% of the participants in Turkey and 14% in the UK were unsure about getting themselves vaccinated for a COVID-19 vaccine. In both countries, 3% of the participants rejected to be vaccinated. Also, 54% of the participants in Turkey and 63% in the UK believed in the natural origin of the novel coronavirus. Believing in the natural origin significantly increased the odds of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusions Our results point at a concerning level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, especially in Turkey, and suggest that wider communication of the scientific consensus on the origin of the novel coronavirus with the public may help future campaigns targeting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

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Policy and Weather Influences on Mobility during the Early U.S. COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-57737/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yihan Wu ◽

Todd Mooring ◽

Marianna Linz

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Change ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The United States ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Local Policy ◽

Limited Impact ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Device Tracking

Abstract As the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continues to proliferate across the globe, it is a struggle to predict and prevent its spread. The successes of mobility interventions demonstrate how policies can help limit the person-to-person interactions that are essential to infection. With significant community spread, experts predict this virus will continue to be a threat until a safe and effective vaccine has been developed and widely deployed.3 We aim to understand mobility changes during the first major quarantine period in the United States, measured via mobile device tracking, by assessing how people changed their behavior in response to policies and to weather. Here we show that consistent national messaging was associated with consistent national behavioral change, regardless of local policy. Furthermore, while behavior changed with weather conditions, generally the changes did not increase encounters between people. The independence of encounters and temperatures suggests that behavioral changes may have at most a limited impact relative to any direct physical modulation of transmission by weather. Both of these results are encouraging for the potential of clear national messaging to help contain any future pandemics, and possibly to help contain COVID-19.

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Belonging in the Coronaverse: Will There Be Time?

Open Anthropological Research ◽

10.1515/opan-2020-0107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 100-115

Author(s):

Kate Fischer ◽

Malika Rakhmonova ◽

Mike Tran

Keyword(s):

College Experience ◽

The United States ◽

Limited Time ◽

The Novel ◽

Residential University ◽

To Come ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

University Experience ◽

The U.S ◽

Older Siblings

Abstract Since the spring of 2020 SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus, has upended lives and caused a rethinking of nearly all social behaviors in the United States. This paper examines the ways in which the pandemic, shutdown, and gradual move towards “normal” have laid bare and obfuscated societal pressures regarding running out of time as it pertains to the residential university experience. Promised by movies, television, and older siblings and friends as a limited-time offer, the “typical” college experience is baked into the U.S. imaginary, reinforcing a host of notions of who “belongs” on campus along lines of race, class, and age. Fed a vision of what their whole lives “should be”, students who enter a residential four-year college are already imbued with a nostalgia for what is yet to come, hailed, in Althusser’s (2006[1977]) sense, as university subjects even before their first class. The upheaval of that subjecthood during the pandemic has raised important questions about the purpose of the college experience as well as how to belong to a place that is no longer there.

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Synthesis and immunological evaluation of synthetic peptide based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d0cc08265a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qingyu Zhao ◽

Yanan Gao ◽

Min Xiao ◽

Xuefei Huang ◽

Xuanjun Wu

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Peptide ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Peptide Epitopes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Immunological Evaluation

For prevention of the coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, an effective vaccine is critical. Herein, several potential peptide epitopes from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have...

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Nanovaccine: A hope to triumph the battle against novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology ◽

10.2174/1872210515666210720130736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Anurag Singh ◽

Anand Maurya ◽

Gaurav Mishra ◽

Rajendra Awasthi ◽

Kamal Dua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subunit Vaccine ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Infection Site ◽

Peptide Vaccines ◽

Ciliated Cells ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Major Target

Background: The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection has caused the global emergence of coronavirus in humans during the last 12 months. Till May 11, 2021, the confirmed global COVID-19 cases and deaths reached 158551526 and 3296855, respectively. Methods: Goblet cells and ciliated cells in the nose act as the initial infection site of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, mucus immunity is important to protect from infection. The outburst of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be halted only when an effective vaccine will be developed. Results: Globally, over 100 different vaccines are under investigation, including DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, recombinant/ subunit protein vaccines, peptide vaccines, and virus-like particles etc. Inactivated virus vaccines and mRNA, and adenovirus-based vaccines have moved fast into clinical trials. Conclusion: : Vaccines containing spike protein of SARS-CoV as subunit could effectively prevent binding of coronavirus to the host cell and membrane fusion. Thus, spike protein can be used as a major target for subunit vaccine preparation.

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Do Socioeconomic Conditions Explain Ethnic Inequalities in Tooth Loss among US Adults?

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.28.3.201 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Fatma W. Nazer ◽

Wael Sabbah

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Differences ◽

Tooth Loss ◽

Family Income ◽

The United States ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Ethnic Inequalities

Objective: To assess whether there are ethnic differences in tooth loss among adult Americans aged <40 years and whether socioeconomic position attenuates these differences if they exist.Methods: Data were from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a health-related telephone cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of US adults. Tooth loss (one tooth or more) was used as the outcome variable. Ethnicity was the main explanatory variable. Family income, education and health insurance were also used in the analysis. Logistic regression models for tooth loss were constructed adjusting for demographic (age, sex, and ethnicity), socioeconomic indicators (income and education), health insurance, dental visits, smoking and diabetes.Results: A total of 76,273 participants were included in the analysis. The prevalence of tooth loss was highest among Blacks (33.7%). Hispanics and other ethnic groups had a higher prevalence of tooth loss than Whites, 29.1% (95%CI: 27.7-30.6), 22.0% (95%CI: 20.3-23.8), and 20.8% (95%CI: 20.2-21.4), respectively. Blacks had odds ratios (OR) 1.98 (95%CI: 1.81-2.16) for tooth loss compared with Whites. After adjusting for socioeconomic positions (SEP), the relationship attenuated but remained significant with OR 1.71 (95%CI: 1.55-1.90).Conclusions: Despite recent changes in the health care system in the United States, ethnic inequalities in tooth loss still exist. Income and education partially explained ethnic differences in tooth loss among Americans aged <40 years.Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):201-206; doi:10.18865/ ed.28.3.201

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Covid-19 and food security: Jeopardy management and posterity deliberations

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.2.0183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 01-05

Author(s):

Augustine Owusu-Addo ◽

Atianashie Miracle A ◽

Chukwuma Chinaza Adaobi ◽

Larissa Agbemelo-Tsomafo

Keyword(s):

Food Processing ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The United States ◽

The Novel ◽

Food Handling ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Food Borne ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Food Borne Infections ◽

Safety Guidelines

COVID-19, also known as the ‘novel coronavirus disease 2019’, is a respiratory illness and the causative pathogen is officially named as ‘SARS-CoV-2’. Infections with SARS-CoV-2 have now been amplified to a global pandemic – as of April 3, 2020, nearly 1,018,000 cases have been confirmed in more than 195 countries, including more than 300,000 cases within the United States. Public safety guidelines are followed worldwide to stop the spread of COVID-19 and stay healthy. Despite COVID-19 is a respiratory illness with mode of invasion through the respiratory tract, not the gastrointestinal tract, an average food consumer is anxious and concerned about the food safety. Could an individual catch the deadly contagious COVID-19 from groceries brought home from the supermarket – or from the next restaurant takeout order? This brief review elucidates the epidemiology and pathobiological mechanism(s) of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in food-borne infections, transmission via food surfaces, food processing and food handling.

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Curating the Evidence About COVID-19 for Frontline Public Health and Clinical Care: The Novel Coronavirus Research Compendium

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/00333549211058732 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003335492110587

Author(s):

Andrew D. Redd ◽

Lauren S. Peetluk ◽

Brooke A. Jarrett ◽

Colleen Hanrahan ◽

Sheree Schwartz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Clinical Care ◽

The United States ◽

The Novel ◽

Health Crisis ◽

The Public ◽

Successful Model ◽

Medical Response ◽

Public Consumption ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The public health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a deluge of scientific research aimed at informing the public health and medical response to the pandemic. However, early in the pandemic, those working in frontline public health and clinical care had insufficient time to parse the rapidly evolving evidence and use it for decision-making. Academics in public health and medicine were well-placed to translate the evidence for use by frontline clinicians and public health practitioners. The Novel Coronavirus Research Compendium (NCRC), a group of >60 faculty and trainees across the United States, formed in March 2020 with the goal to quickly triage and review the large volume of preprints and peer-reviewed publications on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 and summarize the most important, novel evidence to inform pandemic response. From April 6 through December 31, 2020, NCRC teams screened 54 192 peer-reviewed articles and preprints, of which 527 were selected for review and uploaded to the NCRC website for public consumption. Most articles were peer-reviewed publications (n = 395, 75.0%), published in 102 journals; 25.1% (n = 132) of articles reviewed were preprints. The NCRC is a successful model of how academics translate scientific knowledge for practitioners and help build capacity for this work among students. This approach could be used for health problems beyond COVID-19, but the effort is resource intensive and may not be sustainable in the long term.

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