scholarly journals Glucose but Not Fructose Alters the Intestinal Paracellular Permeability in Association With Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xufei Zhang ◽  
Magali Monnoye ◽  
Mahendra Mariadassou ◽  
Fabienne Beguet-Crespel ◽  
Nicolas Lapaque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Junction Protein

A causal correlation between the metabolic disorders associated with sugar intake and disruption of the gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis has been suggested, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To unravel these mechanisms, we investigated the effect of physiological amounts of fructose and glucose on barrier functions and inflammatory status in various regions of the GI tract and on the cecal microbiota composition. C57BL/6 mice were fed chow diet and given 15% glucose or 15% fructose in drinking water for 9 weeks. We monitored caloric intake, body weight, glucose intolerance, and adiposity. The intestinal paracellular permeability, cytokine, and tight junction protein expression were assessed in the jejunum, cecum, and colon. In the cecum, the microbiota composition was determined. Glucose-fed mice developed a marked increase in total adiposity, glucose intolerance, and paracellular permeability in the jejunum and cecum while fructose absorption did not affect any of these parameters. Fructose-fed mice displayed increased circulation levels of IL6. In the cecum, both glucose and fructose intake were associated with an increase in Il13, Ifnγ, and Tnfα mRNA and MLCK protein levels. To clarify the relationships between monosaccharides and barrier function, we measured the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers in response to IFNγ+TNFα in the presence of glucose or fructose. In vitro, IFNγ+TNFα-induced intestinal permeability increase was less pronounced in response to fructose than glucose. Mice treated with glucose showed an enrichment of Lachnospiracae and Desulfovibrionaceae while the fructose increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae. Correlations between pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and bacterial abundance highlighted the potential role of members of Desulfovibrio and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group genera in the inflammation observed in response to glucose intake. The increase in intestinal inflammation and circulating levels of IL6 in response to fructose was observed in the absence of intestinal permeability modification, suggesting that the intestinal permeability alteration does not precede the onset of metabolic outcome (low-grade inflammation, hyperglycemia) associated with chronic fructose consumption. The data also highlight the deleterious effects of glucose on gut barrier function along the GI tract and suggest that Desulfovibrionaceae and Lachnospiraceae play a key role in the onset of GI inflammation in response to glucose.

scholarly journals Th17 Cytokines Disrupt the Airway Mucosal Barrier in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Ramezanpour ◽  
Sophia Moraitis ◽  
Jason L. P. Smith ◽  
P. J. Wormald ◽  
Sarah Vreugde
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Human Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Basolateral Side ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Th17 Cytokines ◽  
Zona Occludens

Cytokine mediated changes in paracellular permeability contribute to a multitude of pathological conditions including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interferons and of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines on respiratory epithelium barrier function. Cytokines and interferons were applied to the basolateral side of air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from CRS with nasal polyp patients. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of FITC-conjugated dextrans were measured over time. Additionally, the expression of the tight junction protein Zona Occludens-1 (ZO-1) was examined via immunofluorescence. Data was analysed using ANOVA, followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test. Our results showed that application of interferons and of Th1 or Th2 cytokines did not affect the mucosal barrier function. In contrast, the Th17 cytokines IL-17, IL-22, and IL-26 showed a significant disruption of the epithelial barrier, evidenced by a loss of TEER, increased paracellular permeability of FITC-dextrans, and discontinuous ZO-1 immunolocalisation. These results indicate that Th17 cytokines may contribute to the development of CRSwNP by promoting a leaky mucosal barrier.

scholarly journals 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) Supplementation Improves Gut Barrier Function and Lipid Metabolism in HF-fed Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 425-425
Author(s):  
Sunhye Lee ◽  
Michael Goodson ◽  
Wendie Vang ◽  
Karen Kalanetra ◽  
Daniela Barile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Barrier Integrity ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Abstract Objectives 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL), the most predominant oligosaccharide found in human milk, acts as a prebiotic with beneficial effects on the host. The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of 2’-FL on intestinal barrier integrity and metabolic functions in low-fat (LF)- and high-fat (HF)-fed mice. Methods Male C57/BL6 mice (n = 32, 8/group; 6 weeks old, JAX, CA) were counter-balanced into four weight-matched groups and fed either a low-fat (LF; 10% kcal fat with 7% kcal sucrose) or HF (45% kcal fat with 17% kcal sucrose) with or without supplementation of 2’-FL in the diet [10% (w/w), 8 weeks; LF/2’-FL or HF/2’-FL; BASF, Germany]. General phenotypes (body weight, energy intake, fat and lean mass), intestinal permeability (ex vivo in Ussing chambers), lipid profiles, and microbial metabolites were assessed. Results 2’-FL significantly attenuated the HF-induced increase in body fat mass with a trend to decrease body weight gain. 2’-FL significantly decreased intestinal permeability in LF-fed mice with a trend for a decrease in HF-fed mice. This was associated with a significant increase in interleukin-22, a cytokine known to have a protective role in intestinal barrier function. Visceral adipocyte size was significantly decreased by 2’-FL in both LF- and HF-fed mice. 2’-FL suppressed HF-induced upregulation of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c in the liver. Lastly, 2’-FL supplementation led to a significant elevation of lactic acid concentration in the cecum of HF-fed mice, which is known to be a product from beneficial microbes. Conclusions 2’-FL supplementation improved gut barrier integrity and lipid metabolism in mice with and without the metabolic challenge of HF feeding. These findings support the use of 2’-FL in the control of gut barrier function and metabolic homeostasis under normal and abnormal physiological conditions. Funding Sources BASF (Germany).

Total parenteral nutrition adversely affects gut barrier function in neonatal piglets

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (6) ◽  
pp. G1162-G1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketan Kansagra ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
Cheryl Rognerud ◽  
Harri Niinikoski ◽  
Ching-Nan Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Junction Protein

Sepsis is the most common morbidity in preterm infants, who often receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We hypothesized that gut barrier function is compromised in TPN-fed compared with enterally fed newborn piglets (ENT pigs). Colostrum-deprived newborn pigs were implanted with jugular venous and bladder catheters under general anesthesia. Pigs were either administered TPN ( n = 15) or fed formula (ENT pigs, n = 15). After 6 days, pigs were gavaged a solution of mannitol, lactulose, and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and urine was collected for 24 h. At 7 days, small bowel samples were assayed for myeloperoxidase activity, morphometry, and tight junction protein abundance. Intestinal contents and peripheral organ sites were cultured for bacteria. Urinary recovery (%dose) of mannitol (53 vs. 68) was lower, whereas that of lactulose (2.93 vs. 0.18) and PEG 4000 (12.78 vs. 0.96) were higher in TPN vs. ENT pigs, respectively ( P < 0.05). Incidence of translocation was similar in TPN and ENT pigs. Myeloperoxidase activity was increased in TPN vs. ENT pigs in the jejunum ( P < 0.001) and was weakly correlated with lactulose ( R2 = 0.32) and PEG 4000 ( R2 = 0.38) recovery. Goblet cell counts did not change, but intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers decreased with TPN. Only claudin-1 protein abundance was increased in the TPN group. We conclude that TPN is associated with impairment of neonatal gut barrier function as measured by permeability but not translocation.

Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone regulate endothelial cell barrier function after hypergravity-induced alterations in MAPK activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. C566-C573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasana K. Sumanasekera ◽  
Gamini U. Sumanasekera ◽  
Kathleen A. Mattingly ◽  
Susan M. Dougherty ◽  
Robert S. Keynton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Mapk Activation ◽  
Mapk Activity ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Postflight orthostatic intolerance (POI) was reported to be higher in female than male astronauts and may result from sex-dependent differences in endothelial cell (EC) barrier permeability. Here the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the expression of the tight junction protein occludin, EC barrier function, and MAPK activation over time was tested after subjecting human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) to brief hypergravity identical to that experienced by astronauts during liftoff (LO) into space. After LO hypergravity, HUVEC showed a time-dependent decrease in occludin correlating with an increase in paracellular permeability and a decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance, indicating a decrease in EC barrier function. LO hypergravity inhibited MAPK activation, which remained suppressed 4 h after LO. Inhibition of MAPK activation correlated with decreased phosphotyrosine occludin, decreased cytochrome- c oxidase activity, and increased paracellular permeability, suggesting a mechanism by which LO hypergravity decreased EC barrier function. Time-dependent differences in MAPK activation, decreased occludin, and EC barrier function between HUVEC treated with E2 vs. DHT were observed. HUVEC showed delayed activation of MAPK with DHT, i.e., 4 h rather than 2 h for E2, which correlated with decreased paracellular permeability and the observed sex differences in POI in astronauts. These data temporally separate E2 and DHT effects in HUVEC and provide evidence for the possible protective roles of sex steroids on EC function after brief exposure to low hypergravity.

scholarly journals Genetically obese mice do not show increased gut permeability or faecal bile acid hydrophobicity

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta K. Stenman ◽  
Reetta Holma ◽  
Helena Gylling ◽  
Riitta Korpela
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Genetic Obesity ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Gut barrier dysfunction may lead to metabolic endotoxaemia and low-grade inflammation. Recent publications have demonstrated gut barrier dysfunction in obesity induced by a diet high in fat, and a pathogenetic role for luminal bile acids has been proposed. We aimed to investigate whether genetically obese mice develop increased gut permeability and alterations in luminal bile acids on a diet with a regular fat content. We used seven obese male ob/ob mice of C57BL/6J background and ten male wild-type (WT) mice of the same strain. Faeces were collected for bile acid analysis. Intestinal permeability was measured in an Ussing chamber upon euthanasia, using 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, as per mille (‰, 1/1000) of translocated dextran. We analysed the liver expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), as well as serum LBP (ELISA). Intestinal permeability was not affected by genetic obesity (jejunum: 0·234 (sem 0·04) ‰ for obese v. 0·225 (sem 0·03) ‰ for WT, P= 0·93; colon: 0·222 (sem 0·06) ‰ for obese v. 0·184 (sem 0·03) ‰ for WT, P= 0·86), nor was liver LBP expression (relative expression: 0·55 (sem 0·08) for obese v. 0·55 (sem 0·13) for WT, P= 0·70). Serum LBP was 2·5-fold higher in obese than in WT mice (P= 0·001). Obese mice had increased daily excretion of total bile acids, but their faecal bile acid hydrophobicity was unchanged. In conclusion, genetic obesity did not impair gut barrier function in mice on a regular chow diet, nor was faecal bile acid hydrophobicity affected.

scholarly journals Occludin S408 phosphorylation regulates tight junction protein interactions and barrier function

2011 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Raleigh ◽  
Devin M. Boe ◽  
Dan Yu ◽  
Christopher R. Weber ◽  
Amanda M. Marchiando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Tight Junction Protein ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Junction Protein

Although the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the tight junction protein occludin is heavily phosphorylated, the functional impact of most individual sites is undefined. Here, we show that inhibition of CK2-mediated occludin S408 phosphorylation elevates transepithelial resistance by reducing paracellular cation flux. This regulation requires occludin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and ZO-1. S408 dephosphorylation reduces occludin exchange, but increases exchange of ZO-1, claudin-1, and claudin-2, thereby causing the mobile fractions of these proteins to converge. Claudin-4 exchange is not affected. ZO-1 domains that mediate interactions with occludin and claudins are required for increases in claudin-2 exchange, suggesting assembly of a phosphorylation-sensitive protein complex. Consistent with this, binding of claudin-1 and claudin-2, but not claudin-4, to S408A occludin tail is increased relative to S408D. Finally, CK2 inhibition reversed IL-13–induced, claudin-2–dependent barrier loss. Thus, occludin S408 dephosphorylation regulates paracellular permeability by remodeling tight junction protein dynamic behavior and intermolecular interactions between occludin, ZO-1, and select claudins, and may have therapeutic potential in inflammation-associated barrier dysfunction.

scholarly journals Enteral supplementation of bovine lactoferrin improves gut barrier function in rats after massive bowel resection

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Wu ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Wenjie Wu ◽  
Jia Shi ◽  
Yan Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Previous studies have shown that bovine lactoferrin (bLF) exerts antibacterial, immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of enteral bLF supplementation on intestinal adaptation and barrier function in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 4 weeks were randomised into three groups (n10 per group): Sham group (rats submitted to bowel transection and reanastomosis); SBS group (rats submitted to 80 % small-bowel resection); SBS-bLF group (rats submitted to 80 % small-bowel resection plus treatment with bLF (0·5 g/kg per d) by oral administration from day 2 to day 20). Despite similar food intake, both the SBS and SBS-bLF groups exhibited significantly lower body weight gain, but increased villus height and crypt depth and a higher intestinal epithelial cell proliferation index (P< 0·05) when compared with the Sham group. Compared with that in the SBS group, in the SBS-bLF group, bacterial translocation to regional organs was low and intestinal permeability was significantly reduced. The SBS-bLF group also had increased secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations in ileal contents (29·9 (23·8–33·0) ng/ml), when compared with the other two groups having similar sIgA concentrations (17·5 (12·6–29·1) and 19·3 (11·5–27·0) ng/ml, respectively). The relative expression levels of two tight junction (TJ) proteins, occludin and claudin-4, in the SBS-bLF group were significantly higher than those in the SBS group (P< 0·05), but did not exhibit any significant differences when compared with those in the Sham group. In conclusion, enteral bLF supplementation up-regulates small-bowel sIgA concentrations and TJ protein expression and reduces intestinal permeability and could thus support intestinal barrier integrity and protect against bacterial infections in SBS.

IL-6 is essential for development of gut barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (3) ◽  
pp. G621-G629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runkuan Yang ◽  
Xiaonan Han ◽  
Takashi Uchiyama ◽  
Simon K. Watkins ◽  
Arino Yaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Permeability ◽  
Average Molecular Mass ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Junction Protein

We sought to determine the role of IL-6 as a mediator of the alterations in gut barrier function that occur after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R). C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-6 knockout (KO) mice on a C57Bl/6 background were subjected to either a sham procedure or HS/R. Organ and tissue samples were obtained 4 h after resuscitation. In WT mice, HS/R significantly increased ileal mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (average molecular mass, 4 kDa) and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. These alterations in gut barrier function were not observed in IL-6 KO animals. HS/R increased ileal steady-state mRNA levels for IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 in WT but not in IL-6 KO mice. Ileal mucosal expression of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, decreased after HS/R in WT but not IL-6 KO mice. Collectively, these data support the view that expression of IL-6 is essential for the development of gut barrier dysfunction after HS/R.

scholarly journals Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Reduces Intestinal Permeability But Does Not Modify the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 592-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Hadjiyanni ◽  
Kunmin Karen Li ◽  
Daniel J. Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Nonobese Diabetic ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

The development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been linked to environmental factors and dietary components. Increasing evidence indicates that the integrity of the gut mucosa plays a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, and evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrates that increased leakiness of the intestinal epithelium precedes the development of type 1 diabetes. However, there is limited information on modulation of gut barrier function and its relationship to diabetes development. Here we show that the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of T1D, exhibits enhanced intestinal transcellular permeability before the development of autoimmune diabetes. Treatment of NOD mice with a glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog, synthetic human [Gly2] glucagon-like peptide-2 (h[Gly2]GLP-2, increased the length and weight of the small bowel and significantly improved jejunal transepithelial resistance. However, chronic administration of once daily h[Gly2]GLP-2 failed to delay or reverse the onset of T1D when treatment was initiated in young, normoglycemic female NOD mice. Furthermore, h[Gly2]GLP-2 administration had no significant effect on lymphocyte subpopulations in NOD mice. These findings demonstrate that h[Gly2]GLP-2-mediated enhancement of gut barrier function in normoglycemic NOD mice disease is not sufficient to prevent or delay the development of experimental T1D. Increased intestinal permeability often precedes the clinical appearance of autoimmune disorders such as celiac disease or type 1 diabetes. These studies show that glucagon-like peptide 2 reduces gut permeability, but not the onset of diabetes in NOD mice.

scholarly journals Andrographolide Exerts Antihyperglycemic Effect through Strengthening Intestinal Barrier Function and Increasing Microbial Composition of Akkermansia muciniphila

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Hongming Su ◽  
Jianling Mo ◽  
Jingdan Ni ◽  
Huihui Ke ◽  
Tao Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Barrier Integrity ◽  
Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Junction Protein

Accumulating evidence indicates that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis, implying the potential targets for T2D therapeutics. Andrographolide was reported to have several beneficial effects on diabetes and its associated complications. However, the protective role of andrographolide, as well as its underlying mechanism against T2D, remains elusive. Herein, we reported that andrographolide enhanced intestinal barrier integrity in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells as indicated by the improvement of cell monolayer barrier permeability and upregulation of tight junction protein expression. In addition, andrographolide alleviated LPS-induced oxidative stress by preventing ROS and superoxide anion radical overproduction and reversing glutathione depletion. In line with the in vitro results, andrographolide reduced metabolic endotoxemia and strengthened gut barrier integrity in db/db diabetic mice. We also found that andrographolide appeared to ameliorate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and attenuated diabetes-associated redox disturbance and inflammation. Furthermore, our results indicated that andrographolide modified gut microbiota composition as indicated by elevated Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, enriched microbial species of Akkermansia muciniphila, and increased SCFAs level. Taken together, this study demonstrated that andrographolide exerted a glucose-lowering effect through strengthening intestinal barrier function and increasing the microbial species of A. muciniphila, which illuminates a plausible approach to prevent T2D by regulating gut barrier integrity and shaping intestinal microbiota composition.

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