Diversity of Macrophages in Lung Homeostasis and Diseases

Lung macrophages play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, pathogen clearance and immune regulation. The different types of pulmonary macrophages and their roles in lung diseases have attracted attention in recent years. Alveolar macrophages (AMs), including tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs) and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs), as well as interstitial macrophages (IMs) are the major macrophage populations in the lung and have unique characteristics in both steady-state conditions and disease states. The different characteristics of these three types of macrophages determine the different roles they play in the development of disease. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the similarities and differences among these three types of macrophages for the study of lung diseases. In this review, we will discuss the physiological characteristics and unique functions of these three types of macrophages in acute and chronic lung diseases. We will also discuss possible methods to target macrophages in lung diseases.

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Risk factors for the different types of chronic lung diseases of prematurity according to the preceding respiratory distress syndrome

Pediatrics International ◽

10.1111/j.1442-200x.2005.02081.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 417-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Chang Won Choi ◽

Beyong Il Kim ◽

June Dong Park ◽

Young Yull Koh ◽

Jung-Hwan Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

Different Types

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Role of Apoptosis in Amplifying Inflammatory Responses in Lung Diseases

Journal of Cell Death ◽

10.4137/jcd.s5375 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. JCD.S5375 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

E.P. Schmidt ◽

R.M. Tuder

Keyword(s):

Lung Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Disease States ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

Cellular Environment ◽

Molecular Patterns ◽

Dying Cells

Apoptosis is an important contributor to the pathophysiology of lung diseases such as acute lung injury (ALI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, the cellular environment of these acute and chronic lung diseases favors the delayed clearance of apoptotic cells. This dysfunctional efferocytosis predisposes to the release of endogenous ligands from dying cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) play an important role in the stimulation of innate immunity as well as in the induction of adaptive immunity, potentially against autoantigens. In this review, we explore the role of apoptosis in ALI and COPD, with particular attention to the contribution of DAMP release in augmenting the inflammatory response in these disease states.

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Oncostatin M in the Regulation of Connective Tissue Cells and Macrophages in Pulmonary Disease

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines7040095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carl D. Richards ◽

Fernando Botelho

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Cell Interaction ◽

Feedback Loops ◽

Oncostatin M ◽

Ecm Remodeling ◽

Receptor Complexes ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

Broad Array ◽

Macrophage Populations

Oncostatin M (OSM), as one of the gp130/IL-6 family of cytokines, interacts with receptor complexes that include the gp130 signaling molecule and OSM receptor β OSMRβ chain subunits. OSMRβ chains are expressed relatively highly across a broad array of connective tissue (CT) cells of the lung, such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells, thus enabling robust responses to OSM, compared to other gp130 cytokines, in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and inflammation. OSMRβ chain expression in lung monocyte/macrophage populations is low, whereas other receptor subunits, such as that for IL-6, are present, enabling responses to IL-6. OSM is produced by macrophages and neutrophils, but not CT cells, indicating a dichotomy of OSM roles in macrophage verses CT cells in lung inflammatory disease. ECM remodeling and inflammation are components of a number of chronic lung diseases that show elevated levels of OSM. OSM-induced products of CT cells, such as MCP-1, IL-6, and PGE2 can modulate macrophage function, including the expression of OSM itself, indicating feedback loops that characterize Macrophage and CT cell interaction.

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Lung Function and Quality of Life in Workers with Chemical and Dust Exposure

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.2.6104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 346-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marina Ruxandra Otelea ◽

Oana Cristina Arghir ◽

Corina Zugravu ◽

Eugenia Naghi ◽

Sabina Antoniu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Occupational Exposure ◽

Lung Function ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Dust Exposure ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

Respiratory Exposure ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Occupational Settings

Regarding the widely distribution of respiratory exposure hazards in occupational settings, workers have an increased risk for chronic lung diseases. For assessing the quality of life and lung function in workers exposed to chemicals and dust, St George�s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and spirometry were performed among 40 patients, admitted in Occupational Clinic Department of Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, during February, 2017. SGRQ showed different predictors for patients according to their occupational exposure and total symptoms score correlated better with decreased spirometric parameters in defining lung function deterioration. Quality of life is earlier affected than lung function deterioration and emphasises the need of more sensitive methods for an earlier identification and better evaluation of respiratory hazards in different workplaces.

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Asteroid and Comet Surveys

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900047720 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 385-400

Author(s):

B.G. Marsden

Keyword(s):

Logical Sequence ◽

Different Types ◽

The Future ◽

Ecliptic Latitude ◽

Similarities And Differences

Past surveys are described in the logical sequence of (1) comets visually, (2) asteroids visually, (3) asteroids photographically and (4) comets photographically. Plots show the evolution of asteroid surveys in terms of visual discovery magnitude and ecliptic latitude, and similarities and differences between surveys for the different types of body are discussed. The paper ends with a brief discussion of more recent discovery methods and some thoughts on the future.

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Unique Aspects of the Developing Lung Circulation: Structural Development and Regulation of Vasomotor Tone

Pulmonary Circulation ◽

10.1086/688890 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 407-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Yuangsheng Gao ◽

David N. Cornfield ◽

Kurt R. Stenmark ◽

Bernard Thébaud ◽

Steven H. Abman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Development ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Vascular Tone ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Normal Lung ◽

Pulmonary Vasculature ◽

Structural Development ◽

Vasomotor Tone ◽

Disease States ◽

Vasculogenesis And Angiogenesis

This review summarizes our current knowledge on lung vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during normal lung development and the regulation of fetal and postnatal pulmonary vascular tone. In comparison to that of the adult, the pulmonary circulation of the fetus and newborn displays many unique characteristics. Moreover, altered development of pulmonary vasculature plays a more prominent role in compromised pulmonary vasoreactivity than in the adult. Clinically, a better understanding of the developmental changes in pulmonary vasculature and vasomotor tone and the mechanisms that are disrupted in disease states can lead to the development of new therapies for lung diseases characterized by impaired alveolar structure and pulmonary hypertension.

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Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9070734 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 734

Author(s):

Xuhua Xia

Keyword(s):

Codon Usage ◽

Translation Initiation ◽

Mrna Stability ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Translation Termination ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Immunization Programs ◽

Translation Elongation ◽

Different Types ◽

Similarities And Differences

The design of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines involves many different types of optimizations. Proper optimization of vaccine mRNA can reduce dosage required for each injection leading to more efficient immunization programs. The mRNA components of the vaccine need to have a 5’-UTR to load ribosomes efficiently onto the mRNA for translation initiation, optimized codon usage for efficient translation elongation, and optimal stop codon for efficient translation termination. Both 5’-UTR and the downstream 3’-UTR should be optimized for mRNA stability. The replacement of uridine by N1-methylpseudourinine () complicates some of these optimization processes because is more versatile in wobbling than U. Different optimizations can conflict with each other, and compromises would need to be made. I highlight the similarities and differences between Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines and discuss the advantage and disadvantage of each to facilitate future vaccine improvement. In particular, I point out a few optimizations in the design of the two mRNA vaccines that have not been performed properly.

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The use of tissue Doppler imaging in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction in children with chronic lung diseases

Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette ◽

10.1186/s43054-020-00027-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Iman H. Draz ◽

Fatma El Zahraa Mostafa ◽

Antoin F. AbdelMassih ◽

Dalia El-Sayed ◽

Rania El-Kaffas

Keyword(s):

Diastolic Dysfunction ◽

Tissue Doppler Imaging ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Tissue Doppler ◽

Doppler Imaging ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases

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Lymphangiogenesis and Lesion Heterogeneity in Interstitial Lung Diseases

Clinical Medicine Insights Circulatory Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.4137/ccrpm.s33856 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9s1 ◽

pp. CCRPM.S33856 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masahiro Yamashita

Keyword(s):

Lung Diseases ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Usual Interstitial Pneumonia ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽

Lymphatic Endothelial Cells ◽

Different Types ◽

New Treatment ◽

Capillary Angiogenesis ◽

Antigen Presenting

The lymphatic system has several physiological roles, including fluid homeostasis and the activation of adaptive immunity by fluid drainage and cell transport. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in adult tissues during various pathologic conditions. In addition, lymphangiogenesis is closely linked to capillary angiogenesis, and the balanced interrelationship between capillary angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis is essential for maintaining homeostasis in tissues. Recently, an increasing body of information regarding the biology of lymphatic endothelial cells has allowed us to immunohistochemically characterize lymphangiogenesis in several lung diseases. Particular interest has been given to the interstitial lung diseases. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are characterized by heterogeneity in pathologic changes and lesions, as typified by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia. In IIPs, lymphangiogenesis is likely to have different types of localized functions within each disorder, corresponding to the heterogeneity of lesions in terms of inflammation and fibrosis. These functions include inhibitory absorption of interstitial fluid and small molecules and maturation of fibrosis by excessive interstitial fluid drainage, caused by an unbalanced relationship between capillary angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and induction of fibrogenesis via CCL21 and CCR7 signals. Better understanding for regional functions of lymphangiogenesis might provide new treatment strategies tailored to lesion heterogeneity in these complicated diseases.

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