scholarly journals IL-22 Binding Protein (IL-22BP) in the Regulation of IL-22 Biology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Zenewicz
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
And Function

Cytokines are powerful mediators of inflammation. Consequently, their potency is regulated in many ways to protect the host. Several cytokines, including IL-22, have coordinating binding proteins or soluble receptors that bind to the cytokine, block the interaction with the cellular receptor, and thus prevent cellular signaling. IL-22 is a critical cytokine in the modulation of tissue responses during inflammation and is highly upregulated in many chronic inflammatory disease patients, including those with psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In healthy individuals, low levels of IL-22 are secreted by immune cells, mainly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, much of this IL-22 is likely not biologically active due to the high levels of IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) produced by intestinal dendritic cells (DCs). IL-22BP is a soluble receptor homolog that binds to IL-22 with greater affinity than the membrane spanning receptor. Much is known regarding the regulation and function of IL-22 in health and disease. However, less is known about IL-22BP. In this review, we will focus on IL-22BP, including its regulation, role in IL-22 biology and inflammation, and promise as a therapeutic. IL-22 can be protective or pathogenic, depending on the context of inflammation. IL-22BP also has divergent roles. Ongoing and forthcoming studies will expand our knowledge of IL-22BP and IL-22 biology, and suggest that IL-22BP holds promise as a way to regulate IL-22 biology in patients with chronic inflammatory disease.

scholarly journals Hyaluronan: A Neuroimmune Modulator in the Microbiota-Gut Axis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Annalisa Bosi ◽  
Davide Banfi ◽  
Michela Bistoletti ◽  
Paola Moretto ◽  
Elisabetta Moro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

The commensal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining host gut homeostasis by controlling several metabolic, neuronal and immune functions. Conversely, changes in the gut microenvironment may alter the saprophytic microbial community and function, hampering the positive relationship with the host. In this bidirectional interplay between the gut microbiota and the host, hyaluronan (HA), an unbranched glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, has a multifaceted role. HA is fundamental for bacterial metabolism and influences bacterial adhesiveness to the mucosal layer and diffusion across the epithelial barrier. In the host, HA may be produced and distributed in different cellular components within the gut microenvironment, playing a role in the modulation of immune and neuronal responses. This review covers the more recent studies highlighting the relevance of HA as a putative modulator of the communication between luminal bacteria and the host gut neuro-immune axis both in health and disease conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and ischemia/reperfusion injury.

FSGHF3 and peptides, prepared from fish skin gelatin, exert a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis via the Nrf2 pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 414-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Deng ◽  
Chenbin Cui ◽  
Yanan Wang ◽  
Jiangjin Ni ◽  
Liufeng Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Nrf2 Pathway ◽  
Fish Skin Gelatin ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the colon, and its incidence is rising worldwide.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2014 ◽  
pp. 734-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that can affect any site from the mouth to the anus. The two major types of IBD are Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

scholarly journals Gut Homeostasis; Microbial Cross Talks in Health and Disease Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1017-1045
Author(s):  
Gauri S Khatri ◽  
Christine Kurian ◽  
Asha Anand ◽  
Paari KA
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Consortium ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Homeostasis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
And Function

The human gut is a densely populated region comprising a diverse collection of microorganisms. The number, type and function of the diverse gut microbiota vary at different sites along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes regulate signaling and metabolic pathways through microbial cross talks. Host and microbial interactions mutually contribute for intestinal homeostasis. Rapid shift or imbalance in the microbial community disrupts the equilibrium or homeostatic state leading to dysbiosis and causes many gastrointestinal diseases viz., Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Metabolic endotoxemia, Parkinson’s disease and Fatty liver disease etc. Intestinal homeostasis has been confounded by factors that disturb the balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis. This review correlates the consequences of dysbiosis with the incidence of various diseases. Impact of microbiome and its metabolites on various organs such as liver, brain, kidney, large intestine, pancreas etc are discussed. Furthermore, the role of therapeutic approaches such as ingestion of nutraceuticals (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics), Fecal Microbial Treatment, Phage therapy and Bacterial consortium treatment in restoring the eubiotic state is elaborately reviewed.

Depletion and Reconstitution of Active E. Coli Ribosomes

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
And Function

Correlations between structure and function of biological macromolecules have been studied intensively for many years, mostly by indirect methods. High resolution electron microscopy is a unique tool which can provide such information directly by comparing the conformation of biopolymers in their biologically active and inactive state. We have correlated the structure and function of ribosomes, ribonucleoprotein particles which are the site of protein biosynthesis. 70S E. coli ribosomes, used in this experiment, are composed of two subunits - large (50S) and small (30S). The large subunit consists of 34 proteins and two different ribonucleic acid molecules. The small subunit contains 21 proteins and one RNA molecule. All proteins (with the exception of L7 and L12) are present in one copy per ribosome.This study deals with the changes in the fine structure of E. coli ribosomes depleted of proteins L7 and L12. These proteins are unique in many aspects.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

“Because every recipient is also a potential patient” – TV Health Programmes in the FRG and the GDR, from the 1960s to the 1980s

Gesnerus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Susanne Vollberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Continuous Coverage ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Television Programme ◽  
East German ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

In the television programme of West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s, health magazines like Gesundheitsmagazin Praxis [Practice Health Magazine] (produced by ZDF)1 or ARD-Ratgeber: Gesundheit [ARD Health Advisor] played an important role in addressing health and disease as topics of public awareness. With their health magazine Visite [Doctor’s rounds], East German television, too relied on continuous coverage and reporting in the field. On the example of above magazines, this paper will examine the history, design and function of health communication in magazine-type formats. Before the background of the changes in media policy experienced over three decades and the different media systems in the then two Germanys, it will discuss the question of whether television was able to move health relevant topics and issues into public consciousness.

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