scholarly journals Hyaluronan: A Neuroimmune Modulator in the Microbiota-Gut Axis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Annalisa Bosi ◽  
Davide Banfi ◽  
Michela Bistoletti ◽  
Paola Moretto ◽  
Elisabetta Moro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

The commensal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining host gut homeostasis by controlling several metabolic, neuronal and immune functions. Conversely, changes in the gut microenvironment may alter the saprophytic microbial community and function, hampering the positive relationship with the host. In this bidirectional interplay between the gut microbiota and the host, hyaluronan (HA), an unbranched glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, has a multifaceted role. HA is fundamental for bacterial metabolism and influences bacterial adhesiveness to the mucosal layer and diffusion across the epithelial barrier. In the host, HA may be produced and distributed in different cellular components within the gut microenvironment, playing a role in the modulation of immune and neuronal responses. This review covers the more recent studies highlighting the relevance of HA as a putative modulator of the communication between luminal bacteria and the host gut neuro-immune axis both in health and disease conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and ischemia/reperfusion injury.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Sulfide as a Novel Regulatory Factor in Liver Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Dong Wu ◽  
Da-Yong Wang ◽  
Hui-Min Li ◽  
Jian-Cheng Guo ◽  
Shao-Feng Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Hepatic Ischemia ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a colorless gas smelling of rotten egg, has long been recognized as a toxic gas and environment pollutant. However, increasing evidence suggests that H2S acts as a novel gasotransmitter and plays important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in mammals. H2S is involved in many hepatic functions, including the regulation of oxidative stress, glucose and lipid metabolism, vasculature, mitochondrial function, differentiation, and circadian rhythm. In addition, H2S contributes to the pathogenesis and treatment of a number of liver diseases, such as hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatotoxicity, and acute liver failure. In this review, the biosynthesis and metabolism of H2S in the liver are summarized and the role and mechanism of H2S in liver health and disease are further discussed.

scholarly journals Beclin 1/Bcl-2 complex-dependent autophagy activity modulates renal susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury and mediates renoprotection by Klotho

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. F772-F792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Mingjun Shi ◽  
Jenny Maique ◽  
Joy Shaffer ◽  
Shirley Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Beclin 1 ◽  
Klotho Protein ◽  
And Function ◽  
Autophagy Activity

Klotho- and beclin 1-driven autophagy extends life. We examined the role of beclin 1 in modifying acute kidney injury (AKI) and whether beclin 1 mediates Klotho’s known renoprotective action in AKI. AKI was induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice with different levels of autophagy activity by genetic manipulation: wild-type (WT) mice with normal beclin 1 expression and function, mice with normal beclin 1 levels but high activity through knockin of gain-of-function mutant beclin 1 ( Becn1F121A), mice with low beclin 1 levels and activity caused by heterozygous global deletion of beclin 1 ( Becn1+/−), or mice with extremely low beclin 1 activity from knockin of the mutant constitutively active beclin 1 inhibitor Bcl-2 ( Bcl2AAA). Klotho was increased by transgenic overexpression ( Tg-Kl) or recombinant Klotho protein administration. After ischemia-reperfusion injury, Becn1F121A mice (high autophagy) had milder AKI and Becn1+/− and Bcl2AAA mice (low autophagy) had more severe AKI than WT mice. Tg-Kl mice had milder AKI, but its renoprotection was partially attenuated in Becn1+/− ;Tg-Kl mice and was significantly reduced, although not completely abolished, in Bcl2AAA;Tg-Kl mice. Recombinant Klotho protein conferred more renoprotection from AKI in WT mice than in Becn1+/− or Bcl2AAA mice. Klotho reduced beclin 1/Bcl-2 protein complexes and increased autophagy activity, but this effect was less prominent in mice or cells with Bcl2AAA. Transfected Bcl2AAA or Becn1F123A decreased or increased autophagy activity and rendered cells more susceptible or more resistant to oxidative cytotoxicity, respectively. In conclusion, beclin 1 confers renoprotection by activating autophagy. Klotho protects the kidney partially via disruption of beclin 1/Bcl-2 interactions and enhancement of autophagy activity.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-26a: An Emerging Regulator of Renal Biology and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Xiao Pan ◽  
Xianghui Fu ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Jianghua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Immune Attack ◽  
Renal System ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that modulate many key biological processes by simultaneously suppressing multiple target genes. Among them, miR-26a, a conserved miRNA among vertebrates, is highly expressed in various tissues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that miR-26a plays pivotal roles in cellular differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis, thereby participating in the initiation and development of various human diseases, such as metabolic disease and cancer. More recently, miR-26a was found as a versatile regulator of renal biology and disease. miR-26a is intensively involved in the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis and the actin cytoskeleton. It is also able to modulate the homeostasis and function of mesangial cells. In addition, miR-26a affects the expansion of regulatory T cells in the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury and autoimmune diabetes and thus protects the renal system from immune attack. These available data strongly suggest that renal miR-26a possesses critical pathological functions and represents a potential target for renal disease therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge of miR-26a in renal biology and disease, laying the foundation for exploring its previously unknown functions and mechanisms in the renal system.

MRI of renal oxygenation and function after normothermic ischemia-reperfusion injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlies Oostendorp ◽  
Eva E. de Vries ◽  
Jos M. G. M. Slenter ◽  
Carine J. Peutz-Kootstra ◽  
Maarten G. Snoeijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
And Function
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