scholarly journals Distribution, Temporal Change, and Conservation Status of Tropical Seagrass Beds in Southeast Asia: 2000–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Sudo ◽  
T. E. Angela L. Quiros ◽  
Anchana Prathep ◽  
Cao Van Luong ◽  
Hsing-Juh Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Ryukyu Island ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Seagrass Bed ◽  
Brunei Darussalam

Although Southeast Asia is a hotspot of global seagrass diversity, there are considerable information gaps in the distribution of seagrass beds. Broad-scale seagrass distribution has not been updated in the global seagrass database by UNEP-WCMC since 2000, although studies on seagrasses have been undertaken intensively in each region. Here we analyze the recent distribution of tropical seagrass beds, their temporal changes, causes of decline and conservation status in Southeast Asia (plus southern mainland China, Taiwan and Ryukyu Island of Japan) using data collected after 2000. Based on the 195 literature published since 2000, we identified 1,259 point data and 1,461 polygon data showing the distribution of seagrass beds. A large discrepancy was found in the seagrass bed distribution between our updated data and the UNEP-WCMC database, mostly due to inaccurate and low resolution location information in the latter. Temporal changes in seagrass bed area analyzed for 68 sites in nine countries/regions demonstrated that more than 60% of seagrass beds declined at an average rate of 10.9% year–1, whereas 20% of beds increased at an average rate of 8.1% year–1, leading to an overall average decline of 4.7% year–1. Various types of human-induced threats were reported as causes for the decline, including coastal development, fisheries/aquaculture, and natural factors such as typhoons and tsunamis. The percentage of seagrass beds covered with existing marine protected areas (MPAs) varied greatly among countries/regions, from less than 1% in Brunei Darussalam and Singapore to 100% in southern Japan. However, the degree of conservation regulation was not sufficient even in regions with higher MPA coverage. The percentage of seagrass beds within EBSAs (Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area determined by the Convention of Biological Diversity) was higher than that within MPAs because EBSAs cover a greater area than MPAs. Therefore, designating EBSAs as legally effective MPAs can greatly improve the conservation status of seagrass beds in Southeast Asia.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAFSIR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and Thailand)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Amirulloh Sain Asari
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Brunei Darussalam

This paper describes the history and development of tafsir in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darusalam, Singapore and Thailand, aimed at providing a new discourse to the academic world, that Islam has another treasure in Far Asia, which is known as a pluralistic country because Islam entered in those countries without any wars. And to provide information related the books, author influence, and method of their tafsir in general.Keyword: History, Development Tafsir, and Southeast Asia 

Minority Participation in an Islamic Negara

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li Pang
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Media ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Minority Participation ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Muslim Minorities

On the 1st of May 2014, Negara Brunei Darussalam declared the implementation of an Islamic criminal code of law, thus becoming the first country in modern Southeast Asia to declare so. Inevitably, Brunei was scrutinised by the international media, particularly over its relations with its non-Muslim minorities. This paper investigates the causes of the international media’s anxieties by analysing the socio-political circumstances of the non-Muslim minorities in Brunei, with particular focus on its ethnic Chinese citizens, and with reference to the Islamic Law of Minorities, or ahle dhimmah. Perspectives of the Islamic Law of Minorities toward Brunei’s Chinese citizens are also examined within the political-cultural context of Negara. Thus, exploring simultaneously these concepts, Islam and Negara, this paper asserts that the Islamic Law of Minorities has long been upheld in the Brunei Negara, serving to foster the coexistence of peoples of various ethnic and religious affiliations within the Abode of Peace.

scholarly journals Nepal’s National Red List of Birds

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Inskipp ◽  
Hem Sagar Baral ◽  
Tim Inskipp ◽  
Ambika Prasad Khatiwada ◽  
Monsoon Pokharel Khatiwada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Wetland Birds ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Passerine Species ◽  
Over Exploitation

The main objectives of the Nepal National Bird Red Data Book were to provide comprehensive and up-to-date accounts of all the bird species found in Nepal, assess their status applying the IUCN Guidelines at Regional Levels, identify threats to all bird species and recommend the most practical measures for their conservation.  It is hoped that the Bird RDB will help Nepal achieve the Convention on Biological Diversity target of preventing the extinction of known threatened species and improving their conservation status.  As population changes of Nepal’s birds have been studied for only a few species, assessments of species’ national status were mainly made by assessing changes in distribution.  Species distribution maps were produced for all of Nepal’s bird species except vagrants and compared to maps that were produced in 1991 using the same mapping system.  Of the 878 bird species recorded, 168 species (19%) were assessed as nationally threatened. These comprise 68 (40%) Critically Endangered species, 38 (23%) Endangered species and 62 (37%) Vulnerable species.  A total of 62 species was considered Near Threatened and 22 species Data Deficient.  Over 55% of the threatened birds are lowland grassland specialists, 25% are wetland birds and 24% tropical and sub-tropical broadleaved forest birds.  Larger birds appear to be more threatened than smaller birds with 98 (25%) non-passerine species threatened and 67 (14%) passerine species.  Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation are the most important threats.  Other threats include chemical poisoning, over-exploitation, climate change, hydropower, invasive species, intensification of agriculture, disturbance, and limited conservation measures and research.  Measures to address these threats are described.  It was also concluded that re-assessments of the status of certain bird groups carried out every five years and the setting up of a national online system for storing and reporting bird sightings would be useful.

scholarly journals Indeks Kinerja Perbankan Syariah di Asia Tenggara Berdasarkan Konsep Maqâshid al-Syarî`ah

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Herni Ali HT ◽  
Ali Rama
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Indexing Method ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Individual Education

Abstract: Sharia Banking Performance Index in Southeast Asia Based on the Concept of Maqâshid al-Syarî`ah. Islamic banks as a banking system that carries out Islamic vision in the field of finance and economics should develop a method of measuring performance in accordance with its vision. The vision of Islamic banks can be derived from the vision that chills reversed from the laws of sharia which is called maqâshid al-syarî`ah. Therefore, this study intends to develop methods of measuring the performance of Islamic banking based on the skill maqâshid al-syarî`ah. The maqâshid al-syarî`ah index is an index based on the three main visions of sharia banks, namely individual education (ta’dîb al-fard), justice enforcement (iqâmah al`adl) and welfare encouragement (jalb al-maslâhah). From the vision (dimension) is derived into indicators that are relevant and measurable. This research uses indexing method in calculating maqâshid al-syarî`ah index with case studies of sharia banking that has been operating in Southeast Asia covering Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Thailand and Philippines. This tudy found that the majority of sharia banks in Southeast Asia have a low-performance maqâshid al-syarî`ah index. This shows that sharia banking is generally still run based on conventional vision even though it has operated in accordance with sharia principles or sharia compliance. 

scholarly journals Intra and inter annual variation in a seagrass meadow on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: 2009-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Loría-Naranjo ◽  
Jimena Samper-Villarreal ◽  
Marylaura Sandoval-Siles ◽  
Jorge Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Seagrass Meadow ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Seagrass Bed ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Caribbean Coast ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Caribbean

Seagrass beds are an important ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. At Cahuita National Park (CNP) a seagrass bed at Perezoso has been monitored continually since 1999 within the CARICOMP program. Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass species, in some cases mixed with Syringodium filiforme. The results from the 2009 to 2015 monitoring period are presented here, and contrasted with data before 2009. Total (above and below ground tissue) mean biomass of T. testudinum was higher (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) than biomass before 2009, with an increasing tendency. However, productivity (1.5±0.59 gm-2d-1) and turnover rate (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) were lower than previous monitoring periods. In this period, mean leaf area diminished considerably (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), but leaf area index (LAI) increased (1.9 ± 0.80 m2leafm-2) in comparison to prior monitoring. Productivity, density, turnover rate, LAI and biomass showed intra-annual variations; while mean biomass of T. testudinum did not vary significantly among years. No correlations were found between water salinity, temperature and clarity with seagrass measurements. However, most seagrass parameters were strongly correlated with precipitation. These results highlight the effect of external environmental agents acting on the ecosystem. CNP presents a long-term stable seagrass meadow. However, there are indirect signals, such as high biomass and above-ground biomass proportion, along with low productivity and LAI, which point to a nutrient increment in Perezoso’s seagrass bed. To continue protecting this seagrass bed, it is necessary to improve monitoring methods, and seagrass beds should be included in national conservation policies and monitoring programs.

Chinese Geopolitics in Southeast Asia: A New Pattern of Economic Power within ASEAN?

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-191
Author(s):  
Ralph Michael Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Great Game ◽  
The U.S

AbstractSoutheast Asia is of highest geostrategic interest for China as a rising Great Power as well as for the U.S. and its ally Japan. Since the “Pivot to East Asia” of the Obama administration in Washington in 2011 observers are discussing a “New Great Game” in the region. But has China already established a “backyard” by its economic activities in Southeast Asia and in particular in ASEAN countries? What is the spatial pattern of China’s activities? As an analysis of FDI stocks as well as trade related data show ASEAN countries can be divided into several groups. (1) China’s small neighbour Laos dominated by Chinese FDI. (2) Countries like Cambodia and Myanmar partly dominated by Chinese FDI. (3) Countries with different trade ties to China but mostly strong military or diplomatic ties to the U.S. like Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and (4) the independent Brunei Darussalam. Therefore, Southeast Asia and in particular ASEAN cannot be called a Chinese “backyard” yet. But if U.S. president Trump withdraws the U.S. attention from the region China could be able to achieve a hegemonic position in the region soon.

scholarly journals Conservation status of Phasianidae in Southeast Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Grainger ◽  
Peter J. Garson ◽  
Stephen J. Browne ◽  
Philip J.K. McGowan ◽  
Tommaso Savini
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Conservation Status

Southeast Asian Americans

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia Youyee Vang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Southeast Asian Americans ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Brunei Darussalam

In geopolitical terms, the Asian sub-region Southeast Asia consists of ten countries that are organized under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Current member nations include Brunei Darussalam, Kingdom of Cambodia, Republic of Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Malaysia, Republic of the Union of Myanmar (formerly Burma), Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Kingdom of Thailand, and Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The term Southeast Asian Americans has been shaped largely by the flow of refugees from the American War in Vietnam’ however, Americans with origins in Southeast Asia have much more diverse migration and settlement experiences that are intricately tied to the complex histories of colonialism, imperialism, and war from the late 19th through the end of the 20th century. A commonality across Southeast Asian American groups today is that their immigration history resulted primarily from the political and military involvement of the United States in the region, aimed at building the United States as a global power. From Filipinos during the Spanish-American War in 1898 to Vietnamese, Cambodian, Lao, and Hmong refugees from the American War in Vietnam, military interventions generated migration flows that, once begun, became difficult to stop. Complicating this history is its role in supporting the international humanitarian apparatus by creating the possibility for displaced people to seek refuge in the United States. Additionally, the relationships between the United States, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore are different from those of other SEA countries involved in the Vietnam War. Consequently, today’s Southeast Asian Americans are heterogeneous with varying levels of acculturation to U.S. society.

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