scholarly journals Born With Bristles: New Insights on the Kölliker’s Organs of Octopus Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Villanueva ◽  
Montserrat Coll-Lladó ◽  
Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli ◽  
Sergio A. Carrasco ◽  
Oscar Escolar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Modes Of Life ◽  
Hatchling Size

The entire skin surface of octopus embryos, hatchlings and juveniles bears scattered tufts of tiny chitinous setae within small pockets, from which they can be everted and retracted. Known as Kölliker’s organs (KO), they disappear before the subadult stage. The function of these structures during the early life of the octopus is unknown, despite having been first described nearly two centuries ago. To investigate these organs further, general trends in size of KO distribution and density were analyzed in hatchlings and juveniles of 17 octopod species from all oceans, representing holobenthic, holopelagic and meropelagic modes of life. The size of the KO is fairly constant across species, unrelated to mode of life or hatchling size. The density of KO is similar on ventral and dorsal body surfaces, but hatchlings of smaller size tend to have a higher density of KO on the aboral surface of the arms. Analysis of a series of post-hatching Octopus vulgaris shows KO size to be constant throughout ontogeny; it is therefore a consistent structure during the octopus early life from planktonic hatchling to benthic juvenile. New KO are generated on the skin of the arm tips during the planktonic period and initial benthic lives of juveniles. Their density, on both the mantle and arms, gradually decreases as the octopus grows. In older benthic juveniles, the KO degrades, losing its setae and the base of its follicle becomes exposed as a nearly circular stump of muscle. It is estimated that fully everted KO increase the body surface area by around two-thirds compared to when the KO are retracted. This modular mechanism of body surface extension and roughness probably influences flow-related forces such as drag and propulsion of the moving surface of the young octopus while it is of small size with a relatively large surface area. In addition, the distribution of these organs on the aboral surface of the arms of the octopus and their birefringent properties suggest a role in camouflage. Further research is needed to test these hypotheses of KO function in live animals.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

Estimation of body surface area of extremely obese human subjects

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett R. Tucker ◽  
James K. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Linear Formula ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Obese Human

The body surface areas of one normal and four extremely obese human subjects have been estimated by three methods: a) direct measurement by a method similar to that which Du Bois described; b) calculation from the Du Bois height-weight formula; and c) calculation from the Du Bois linear formula. The values for the total body surface area of the obese subjects calculated from the height-weight formula varied up to 11% below those that were directly measured. The values for the total body surface area obtained with the linear formula ranged between 13% and 20% above the direct measurements, this being almost entirely due to discrepancies in the trunk and in the thigh estimations. It has been concluded that estimation of the body surface area oxf extremely obese subjects by the Du Bois height-weight formula is satisfactory when considered in relation to the accuracy of the physiologic measurements with which it is generally used. Because of the unusual body form the Du Bois linear formula has been found unsatisfactory for this group. Submitted on March 1, 1960

5-flourouracil (5FU) shortage: Clinical implications and costs in a single month.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 663-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Gupta ◽  
Prantesh Jain ◽  
Saurabh Gupta ◽  
Barbara Yim ◽  
Michael Russell Mullane
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Number Of Cycles

663 Background: Capecitabine (XELODA) is an orally active fluoropyrimidine that is absorbed intact through the gastrointestinal tract and converted in to 5FU. Standard chemotherapy for advanced colon cancers includes infusional 5FU with leucovorin in combination of oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or irinotecan (FOLFIRI). With the national shortage of 5FU we had to switch our FOLFOX and FOLFIRI regimens to XELOX or XELIRI. Although in trials the xeloda regimens were non-inferior, the PFS (progression free survival) and OS (overall survival), survival curves tailed behind the infusional 5FU regimens. Methods: At our institution over one month period from August 18th 2011 to September 18th 2011, all patients who were switched from 5FU to xeloda due to national shortage were identified. All charts were retrospectively reviewed identifying patients with colon cancer. Patients with other cancer histologies, were excluded. The charts were reviewed for number of cycles, clinical toxicity, admission to hospital. Results: A total of 90 patients were switched form 5FU to xeloda. 51 had colon cancer. Out of which, 6 (11.7%) patients had the drug discontinued due to toxicity and 4 out of the 6 required hospitalization due to adverse effects of xeloda, mainly diarrhea and vomiting. 80% of these had left sided colon cancer and 50% each received oxaliplatin and irinotecan respectively. The total number of hospitalization days was 20. The average wholesale price (AWP) of one cycle of xeloda for body surface area range from 1.5m2 to 2m2 ranges from 2605.68$ to 3474.24$ for every 3 week cycle. In comparison the corresponding AWP for 2 cycles of 5FU over a month is 51.81$ to 69.08$. This would become a net higher price of 2553.87$ to 3405.16$ for BSA of 1.5 to 2m2 per month for the switch to xeloda. There were 51 patients who received xeloda at least one cycle which costed about 151,954.50$ if we average the body surface area. Additionally there were 20 admission days costing about 50,000$, making the net costs of switching to xeloda more than 200,000$ in a single month. Conclusions: Although xeloda is non-inferior to 5FU and can be a substitute, left sided colon cancers tend to do have more adverse effects. Additionally Xeloda is associated with higher administration costs.

Randomized phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy with S-1 versus combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and S-1 as neoadjuvant treatment for resectable pancreatic cancer (JASPAC 04).

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 724-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirochika Toyama ◽  
Teiichi Sugiura ◽  
Akira Fukutomi ◽  
Hirofumi Asakura ◽  
Yuriko Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Combination Chemotherapy ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Chemotherapy Group

724 Background: Although neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) has been widely employed for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), it is still unclear what kind of regimen is recommended. The aim of the study is to investigate which chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with S-1 or combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine (GEM) and S-1 is more promising as NAT for resectable PDAC in terms of effectiveness and safety. Methods: Patients with resectable PDAC were enrolled and randomly assigned into either CRT group or chemotherapy group. In the CRT group, a total radiation dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions was administered and S-1, at a dose of 30, 40 or 50 mg according to the body surface area, was orally provided twice a day on the same day of irradiation. In the chemotherapy group, GEM was intravenously administered at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8 and S-1 was orally provided at a dose of 30, 40 or 50 mg according to the body surface area twice daily on day 1 to 14 followed by one week reset. Patients in the chemotherapy group received two cycles of this regimen. Surgery was performed between 15 and 56 days after the last day of NAT. The primary endpoint was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate. With 50 patients in each group, the study had 80% power assuming a threshold 2-year PFS rate of 25% and an expected 2-year PFS rate of 40% at 0.05 one-sided alpha. The trial was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry as UMIN000014894. Results: From April 2014 and April 2017, 103 patients were enrolled from 11 institutions in Japan. One was excluded because of ineligibility, therefore 51 patients in CRT group and 51 patients in chemotherapy group constituted the intention-to-treat analysis. The 2-year PFS rate was 45% (90% CI, 33-60%) in the CRT group and 55% (43-65%) in the chemotherapy group (p = 0.52). The hazard ratio for chemotherapy to CRT was 0.78 (0.46-1.31). The median survival time was 37.7 (95% CI, 30.3-NE) in the CRT group and NE (29.9-NE) in the chemotherapy group (p = 0.30). There was no treatment-related death in both groups. Conclusions: Combination chemotherapy with GEM and S-1 may be more promising compared with CRT with S-1 as NAT for resectable PDAC. Clinical trial information: UMIN000014894.

scholarly journals Establishing Standards for Studying Renal Function in Mice through Measurements of Body Size-Adjusted Creatinine and Urea Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington Francisco Rodrigues ◽  
Camila Botelho Miguel ◽  
Marcelo Henrique Napimoga ◽  
Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira ◽  
Javier Emilio Lazo-Chica
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Average Factor

Strategies for obtaining reliable results are increasingly implemented in order to reduce errors in the analysis of human and veterinary samples; however, further data are required for murine samples. Here, we determined an average factor from the murine body surface area for the calculation of biochemical renal parameters, assessed the effects of storage and freeze-thawing of C57BL/6 mouse samples on plasmatic and urinary urea, and evaluated the effects of using two different urea-measurement techniques. After obtaining 24 h urine samples, blood was collected, and body weight and length were established. The samples were evaluated after collection or stored at −20°C and −70°C. At different time points (0, 4, and 90 days), these samples were thawed, the creatinine and/or urea concentrations were analyzed, and samples were restored at these temperatures for further measurements. We show that creatinine clearance measurements should be adjusted according to the body surface area, which was calculated based on the weight and length of the animal. Repeated freeze-thawing cycles negatively affected the urea concentration; the urea concentration was more reproducible when using the modified Berthelot reaction rather than the ultraviolet method. Our findings will facilitate standardization and optimization of methodology as well as understanding of renal and other biochemical data obtained from mice.

scholarly journals Exploring the Aortic Root Diameter and left Ventricle Size Among Lithuanian Athletes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė ◽  
Agnė Slapšinskaitė ◽  
Miglė Baranauskaitė ◽  
Julija Borkytė ◽  
Rasa Sederevičiūtė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Aortic Root ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Lv Mass

Aortic rupture is known as one of the potential causes of sudden cardiac death in athletes. Nevertheless, adaptation strategies for aortic root dilation in athletes vary. The purpose of this study was to investigate aortic root adaptation to physical workload and to determine if aortic root’s and left ventricle sizes are contingent upon the physical workload. Echocardiography was applied to 151 subjects to measure the aortic root at aortic valve annulus (AA) and at sinus of Valsalva (VS). 122 were athletes (41 females and 81 males) and 29 were non-athletes (14 females and 15 males). Of the 41 female athletes, 32 were endurance athletes, and 9 strength athletes. From 81 male athletes, 56 were endurance athletes, and 25 were strength athletes. AA and VS mean values for the body surface area were presented as rAA and rVS. Left ventricle (LV) meaures incuded LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSTd), LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWTd), LV mass (LVM), LV mass index, LV end-diastolic diameter index (LVEDDI). Results indicated that VS was higher in female athletes (28.9±2.36mm) than in non-athletes (27.19±2.87mm, p=0.03). On the other hand, rAA was higher in strength athletes (12.19±1.48mm/m2) than in endurance athletes (11.12±0.99mm/m2, p=0.04). Additionally, rVS and rAA were higher in female strength athletes (17.19±1.78mm/m2, 12.19±1.48mm/m2) than female basketball players (15.49±1.08mm/m2, p=0.03, 10.75±1.06 mm/m2, p=0.02). Statistically significant positive moderate correlations were found between VS and LVEDD, LVM, IVSTd, LVPWTd, rVS and LVEDDI parameters in all athletes. The diameter of Valsalva sinus was greater in female athletes compared to non-athletes. The rAA mean value for body surface area was greater in female athletes practising strength sports as compared to their counterparts who were practising endurance sports. The diameter of the aortic root at sinuses positively correlated with the LV size in all athletes. Trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03656861, September 3, 2018 (retrospectively registered).

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