scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation in the Catch Composition and Abundance of Precious Corals Around Taiwan: Implications for Fisheries Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Shin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Catch Composition

Precious corals are a fishery resource of cultural and religious importance. Because of their high commercial value, precious corals have been exploited for several centuries in the Mediterranean and for almost one century in the Northwest Pacific. Taiwanese fishing fleets have harvested precious corals since the 1920s; however, management regulations have only been promulgated since January 2009, when the catch and effort data of fisheries began to be collected. This study examined spatiotemporal variation in the catch composition and abundance of precious corals Corallium, Hemicorallium, and Pleurocorallium spp. around Taiwan using fishery data from 2009 to 2018 and discussed its implications for fisheries management. Licenses are issued for 60 vessels annually, and the annual total catch was 2.9–3.5 t between 2009 and 2018, peaking in 2015 and then decreasing sharply in 2016. Because of the use of non-selective fishing gear, dead and fossilized colonies were included in the total catches of the fishery. Fossilized colonies were predominant (average 78.5%) in the total catches, whereas the proportion of live colony catches accounted for less than 5%. Pink coral (Momo) was predominant in the total and live colony catches during the 10-year period. The Taiwanese precious coral fishing fleets are restricted to harvesting precious corals in five designated fishing grounds (DFGs; A–E). The fishing effort (vessel⋅day) was mainly concentrated in DFG-A (average 56.6%), which accounted for an average of 63.9% of the total catches. However, the live colony catches were largest in DFG-E (average 39.9%) and DFG-A (average 39.6%). The annual catch rates of live colonies decreased in two major fishing grounds (DFGs-A and DFG-B), whereas it increased in two minor fishing grounds (DFGs-C and DFG-D). The temporal variation in occurrence rates of live colonies decreased between 2015 and 2018, indicating a declining trend for precious coral populations around Taiwan. These results indicate that an unsustainable condition may occur in the near future if the precious corals continue to be harvested at the current scale. Revised regulations for the Taiwanese precious coral fishery should contain proposals on fishing gear modifications, a rotational harvesting scheme, or both; such measures can contribute to the conservation of precious coral populations. Regional cooperation in fisheries management is necessary to achieve the sustainable development of precious corals and their fisheries in the Northwest Pacific.

scholarly journals FAKTOR ETIKA DALAM PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA PERIKANAN DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Rilus A. Kinseng
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Fishery Resources ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
The Social

Etika menyangkut perilaku manusia yang dianggap baik atau buruk, pantas atau tidak pantas. Kini disadari bahwa etika tidak hanya menyangkut interaksi atau hubungan antar sesama manusia, tetapi juga sangat penting dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya alam. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah untuk menunjukkan pentingnya memperhatikan faktor etika dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur yang dikombinasikan dengan pengalaman lapang penulis. Kedua sumber ini dijadikan sebagai bahan refleksi pemikiran secara teoritis. Data tersebut digunakan untuk pengembangan ide atau pemikiran lebih lanjut pada tulisan ini. Keadilan sosial merupakan satu bentuk etika sosial yang sangat penting diperhatikan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan, termasuk dalam penetapan zona penangkapan maupun perijinan alat tangkap. Dari segi etika lingkungan, etika lingkungan yang dominan di kalangan pengguna sumberdaya perikanan di Indonesia adalah antroposentrisme. Oleh sebab itu, pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan seperti penetapan kawasan konservasi laut harus memperhatikan implikasi dari etika lingkungan ini. Tulisan ini mengusulkan perlunya mendekonstruksi etika antroposentrisme dan menggantikannya dengan etika ”teosentris”. Tittle: Ethical Factor in the Fisheries Management in IndonesiaEthics is about human conduct that considered as good or bad, proper or not proper. However, it has been acknowledged that ethics is not only important in the relation among people (human being), but also in relation between humans and their environment. The objective of this paper is to show the important of ethics to be taken into account in managing fishery resources in Indonesia. The method used was literature study combine with the author's field experiences. These data and as information where used to develop ideas and thoughts in this paper. It was argued that social justice is one of the social ethics that is very important to be considered, for example in establishing fishing zones as well as in permitting type of fishing gear to be used. Regarding environmental ethics, it was argued that the most common and dominant ethics among fishery resources users in Indonesia is anthropocentrism. Therefore, fishery resource management should pay serious attention to its implication in managing fishery resources, such as in the case of establishment of marine protected areas. This paper contended that it is needed to deconstruct the anthropocentrism and replace it with “theocentrism”.

scholarly journals Evaluating effectiveness of time/area closures, quotas/caps, and fleet communications to reduce fisheries bycatch

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1286-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. O'Keefe ◽  
Steven X. Cadrin ◽  
Kevin D. E. Stokesbury
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Gear Modification ◽  
Fishing Fleets

Abstract Designing effective bycatch mitigation programmes requires an understanding of the life histories of target and non-target species, interactions of fish and fishing gear, effects of spatial and temporal shifts in fishing effort, socio-economic impacts to the fishery, and incentives of fishery participants. The effects of mitigation measures (including fishing gear modification, time/area closures, bycatch quotas and caps, incentive programs, and fleet communication programs) have been evaluated with respect to reducing bycatch and discards. Less attention has been focused on evaluating unanticipated results related to shifts in fishing effort, changes in the size of non-target species caught, reduced catch of target species, and economic viability to fishing fleets. Time/area closures, bycatch quotas/caps, and fleet communication programmes were evaluated against a set of criteria to assess overall effectiveness in reducing bycatch without causing unintended biological and socio-economic impacts. The results suggest that wide-ranging studies of species' life histories, potential changes in fleet behaviour, and individual incentives are important for developing and implementing mitigation programmes. Combining a suite of mitigation techniques has been successful in meeting biological and socio-economic fisheries goals. Additionally, collaborative programmes that utilize the skill sets of fishers, scientists, and managers have increased effectiveness in meeting bycatch reduction objectives.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN HASIL TANGKAPAN DAN LAJU TANGKAP ARMADA PANCING ULUR YANG BERBASIS DI PPI OEBA, KUPANG (The Comparison of Catch And Catch Rate of Handline Fishing Vessel Based On PPI Oeba, Kupang)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Rani Ekawaty ◽  
. Musyafak ◽  
Irwan Jatmiko
Keyword(s):  
Fishing Effort ◽  
T Test ◽  
Catch Rate ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Fishing Fleet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Catch Composition

<p>ABSTRACT<br /><br />The utilization of fishery resources in the Indian Ocean, especially in the southwest of Sumatra Island, south of Java, Bali to Nusa Tenggara is expected to increase. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of the catches and the catch rate of hand line based on PPI Oeba, Kupang. Research conducted at the Fish Landing (PPI) in Oeba, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur from January to March 2015. The method used is descriptive method in which the research is intended to describe the phenomenon that occurred in the handline fishery and its catch. Catch data and fishing effort are analyzed to determine the value of the catch per unit of fishing effort. To determine differences in fishing fleet catches large and small pull-t test. About 60% catch of handline GT&lt;10 dominated by tuna (Thunnus sp) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis). While the GT&gt;10 dominated by snapper (Lutjanus sp), anggoli (Pristipomoides multidens) and grouper (Epinephelus sp) with percentage of more than 70% of the total catch. There was a significant difference to the average catches between fleets with GT&lt;10 and GT&gt;10 (t = -9.538; df = 2404, p &lt;0.001). The average catch of fishing fleet GT&gt; 10 was 1,074 kg, or about twice that of the average catches of fishing fleets with GT &lt;10 only amounted to 539 Kg. This information can be used as input in the management and development of hand line fishing in the PPI Oeba, Kupang.<br /><br />Keywords: catch composition, catch rate, fishing effort, t-test</p><p>------<br /><br />ABSTRAK<br /><br />Pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan di Samudera Hindia terutama di sebelah barat daya Pulau Sumatera, selatan Pulau Jawa, Pulau Bali sampai Nusa Tenggara cenderung meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi hasil tangkapan dan laju tangkap pancing ulur yang berbasis di Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) Oeba, Kupang.Penelitian dilakukan di PPI Oeba, Kota Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur dari bulan Januari – Maret 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dimana penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menggambarkan fenomena yang terjadi pada perikanan pancing ulur dan hasil tangkapannya.Data hasil tangkapan dan upaya penangkapan yang dianalisis untuk menentukan nilai hasil tangkapan per satuan upaya penangkapan.Untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil tangkapan armada pancing ulur besar dan kecil dilakukan uji-t.Sekitar 60% hasil tangkapan armada pancing ulur dengan GT&lt;10 didominasi oleh tuna (Thunnus sp) dan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis). Adapun hasil tangkapan armada pancing ulur dengan GT&gt;10 didominasi oleh kakap (Lutjanussp), anggoli (Pristipomoides multidens) dan kerapu (Epinephelus sp) dengan persentase ketiganya sebesar lebih dari 70%.Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata terhadap rata-rata hasil tangkapan antara armada GT&lt;10 dengan GT&gt;10 (t=-9,538; df=2404; p&lt;0,001). Rata-rata hasil tangkapan armada pancing ulur dengan GT&gt;10 sebesar 1.074 kg atau sekitar dua kali lipat dibandingkan rata-rata hasil tangkapan armada pancing ulur dengan GT&lt;10 yang hanya sebesar 539 kg. Diharapkan informasi ini dapat dijadikan masukan dalam pengelolaan dan pengembangan perikanan pancing ulur di PPI Oeba, Kupang.<br /><br />Kata kunci: komposisi hasil tangkapan, laju tangkap, upaya penangkapan, uji-t</p>

Preliminary observations on abundance and distribution of fish fauna in a canyon of the Bay of Biscay (ICES Division 8c)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
G. Diez ◽  
L. Arregi ◽  
M. Basterretxea ◽  
E. Cuende ◽  
I. Oyarzabal
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Sea Fish ◽  
Distribution Of Fish

Abstract The changes in abundance and biodiversity of deep-sea fish fauna are described based on an annual deep-water longline survey with data collected during the period 2015–2019 in the Basque Country continental Slope (ICES Division 8c). The sampling scheme included hauls in four 400 m strata, from 650–2250 m deep. The DST sensors installed in the main line have allowed us to set an accurate soak time for each haul, and they were used to calculate fishing effort and CPUE by haul. The catchability of the fishing gear indicated that 15% of the total hooks deployed in the five-year period were able to fish, and that the bottom longline was very effective in fishing a wide number of different species in all depth ranges. The fishing gear caught 14 different species of sharks (13 deepwater and one pelagic), two chimaeras and nine teleosts. The abundance and biomass registered on the hooks attached to the bottom were between three and four times higher than in the floating sections, and the highest CPUE and biomass were recorded between 1051–1450 m, from 2015 to 2017, and in the 1451–1850 m strata, but they do not show any clear trend throughout the five years of the series.

Problems Confronting Fishing Industries Relative to Management Policies Adopted by Governments

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2486-2489
Author(s):  
G. H. Elliot
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
International Level ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Fishery Resources ◽  
International Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Viability ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Fishing Fleets

With increase in numbers, size, and effectiveness, fishing fleets have depleted important stocks of fish, and strong international action by governments is imperative for the future viability of fishery resources. The author favors a system of an overall quota of fish, with individual quotas for boats and plants, and predicts that this will become "the accepted method of running fisheries" in 20 years. He discusses how best to organize such a system, with full consultation between governments and their national fishing industries as well as at the international level. For efficient handling of the complex issues involved and a full understanding of them, he suggests that governments should appoint to their fisheries ministries officers who have specialized in fisheries management and are able to analyze the situation in depth and advise the administrators on the implications of alternative management policies. The controls over fishing that he advocates are essential because "free fish means eventually no fish."

scholarly journals Variation in fisher skill is a major determinant of bycatch rates across species, gears, and fisheries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Roberson ◽  
Chris Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Fishing Fleets

Abstract Fisheries bycatch continues to drive the decline of many threatened marine species such as seabirds, sharks, marine mammals, and sea turtles. Management frameworks typically address bycatch with fleet-level controls on fishing. Yet, individual operators differ in their fishing practices and efficiency at catching fish. If operators have differing abilities to target species, they should also have differing abilities to anti-target bycatch species. We analyse variations in threatened species bycatch among individual operators from five industrial fisheries representing different geographic areas, gear types, and target species. The individual vessel is a significant predictor of bycatch for 15 of the 16 species-fishery interactions, including species that represent high or low costs to fishers, or have economic value as potentially targeted byproducts. Encouragingly, we found high performance operators in all five fishing sectors, including gears known for high bycatch mortality globally. These results show the potential to reduce negative environmental impacts of fisheries with incentive-based interventions targeting specific performance groups of individuals. Management of threatened species bycatch Incidental catch of marine animals in fishing gear ("bycatch") has been recognized as a serious problem for several decades. Despite widespread efforts to address it, bycatch remains one of the most pressing issues in fisheries management today, especially for threatened or protected species such as sea turtles, seabirds, elasmobranchs, and marine mammals1,2. The most common approaches to reducing bycatch have been command-and-control measures implemented across the entire fleet or industry, such as technology requirements or total allowable catch for particular bycatch species3,4. These conventional approaches have been far from universally successful, and have often performed worse in practice than models and trials suggested, even when the same approach is translated to a similar fishery5. The Skipper Effect Managing bycatch is a problem of fishing efficiency. Although management frameworks typically treat fishing fleets as a unit, several studies suggest that the skill of individual operators (the "skipper effect") could be a driver of important and unexplained variations in fishing efficiency. A skipper's skill is some combination of managerial ability, experience and knowledge of the environment, ability to respond to rapidly changing information and conditions at sea, and numerous other factors that are difficult to describe or record6. There is ongoing debate about the key components of operator skill and its importance in different contexts, such as different gears or technical advancement of fisheries7–10. Yet, numerous studies show consistent variation in target catch rates among anglers, skippers, or fishing vessels that is not explained by environmental variables or economic inputs7,11−13. This includes technically advanced and homogeneous fleets where a skipper's skill would seemingly be less important14. Previously, the skipper effect has been explored in relation to fishing efficiency and profitability (effort and target catch). However, if fishers have differing abilities to catch species they want, it follows that they would also have variable skill at avoiding unwanted species. Untangling the skipper effect is difficult without very detailed data, which are often not available for target catch and are extremely rare for bycatch. We capitalize on a rare opportunity to compare multiple high-resolution fisheries datasets that have information about both target and bycatch. We use fisheries observer data from five Australian Commonwealth fisheries sectors to answer three key questions: 1) Is there significant and predictable variation among operators in their target to bycatch ratios? We hypothesize that there are characteristics at the operator level that lead some vessels to perform worse than others on a consistent basis, and that operator skill is an important factor driving variations in bycatch across fishing fleets; 2) Does the pattern hold across species, gear types, and fisheries? We predict that, irrespective of the bycatch context, there are high performing operators that are able to avoid bycatch while maintaining high target catch; and 3) Does skipper skill transfer across species?” We posit that certain types of bycatch are inherently more difficult to avoid but expect to find correlations between bycatch rates, indicating that a skipper's ability to avoid one species extends to other types of bycatch. If these hypotheses hold true, then there exists untapped potential to reduce bycatch without imposing additional controls on fishing effort and gear. This would support an alternative approach to framing management questions such as those around threatened species bycatch. It may be that it is not a random event across a fishery, but in fact is an issue of particular low performance operators. In this case, measures aimed directly at those individual operators could be an opportunity to make considerable progress towards reducing threatened species bycatch, at potentially much lower cost than common whole-of-fishery solutions.

scholarly journals Dictionary-Based Method for Fishing Gear Pattern Detection

10.29007/npz9 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Aranda ◽  
Hugo Carlos
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Pattern Detection ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Unregulated Fishing

Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Nowadays, Fishing is one of the most important activities, as it provides a source of food and economic income worldwide. A key challenge in ecology and conservation is to decrease the Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing (IUU). IUU fishing depletes fish stocks, destroys marine habitats, distorts competition, puts honest fishers at an unfair disadvantage, and weakens coastal communities, particularly in developing countries. One strategy to decrease the IUU fishing is monitoring and detecting the fishing vessel behaviors. Satellite–based Automatic Information Systems (S– AIS) are now commonly installed on most ocean–going vessels and have been proposed as a novel tool to explore the movements of fishing fleets in near real time. In this article, we present a dictionary–based method to classify, by using AIS data, between two fishing gear types: trawl and purse seine. The data was obtained from Global Fishing Watch. Our experiments show that our proposal has a good performance in classifying fishing behaviors, which could help to prevent overexploit and improve the strategies of the fisheries management.

scholarly journals PENDEKATAN BIONOMI PADA PELUANG PENGEMBANGAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN TALAUD

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Jeti Pulu ◽  
Mulyono S. Baskoro ◽  
Daniel R. Monintja ◽  
Budhi H. Iskandar ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Fishing Gears ◽  
Catch Composition

The research is aimed to reveal opportunity development of the capture fisheries in Talaud Islands Regency by using bionomy approach with Gordon-Schaefer model (Fauzy, 2005) con-cerning the dominant of illegal fishing activities around the area. The research was started by co-llected some secondary data on fish production and number of fishing units. Primary data were collected on catch composition and types of fishing gear. Gordon-Schaefer methods was applied to evaluate the tuna and skipjack resources in the area. The troll and pole and line are indicated as the dominant fishing gears used to catch the skipjack and tuna. In case of open access condition, the production will end up to 25,09 tons, while the resource rent will be end up to zero. For the development, simulations were exercised in 3 scenarios: 1) scenario of enhancing domestic fleet, 2) scenario of illegal fishing, and 3) scenario of net surplus. With those scenarios, if the illegal fishing could be eliminated, the capture fisheries in this regency could render economic value to 10 billion rupiah.

scholarly journals An investigation of human vs. technology-induced variation in catchability for a selection of European fishing fleets

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2252-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Mahévas ◽  
Youen Vermard ◽  
Trevor Hutton ◽  
Ane Iriondo ◽  
Angélique Jadaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Induced Variation ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Experience Effect

Abstract Mahévas, S., Vermard, Y., Hutton, T., Iriondo, A., Jadaud, A., Maravelias, C. D., Punzón, A., Sacchi, J., Tidd, A., Tsitsika, E., Marchal, P., Goascoz, N., Mortreux, S., and Roos, D. 2011. An investigation of human vs. technology-induced variation in catchability for a selection of European fishing fleets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2252–2263. The impact of the fishing effort exerted by a vessel on a population depends on catchability, which depends on population accessibility and fishing power. The work investigated whether the variation in fishing power could be the result of the technical characteristics of a vessel and/or its gear or whether it is a reflection of inter-vessel differences not accounted for by the technical attributes. These inter-vessel differences could be indicative of a skipper/crew experience effect. To improve understanding of the relationships, landings per unit effort (lpue) from logbooks and technical information on vessels and gears (collected during interviews) were used to identify variables that explained variations in fishing power. The analysis was undertaken by applying a combination of generalized additive models and generalized linear models to data from several European fleets. The study highlights the fact that taking into account information that is not routinely collected, e.g. length of headline, weight of otter boards, or type of groundrope, will significantly improve the modelled relationships between lpue and the variables that measure relative fishing power. The magnitude of the skipper/crew experience effect was weaker than the technical effect of the vessel and/or its gear.

Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Benthic Habitats ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

<strong><em>Abstract. </em></strong>We review the impacts of towed gears on benthic habitats and communities and predict the consequences of these impacts for ecosystem processes. Our emphasis is on the additive and synergistic large-scale effects of fishing, and we assess how changes in the distribution of fishing activity following management action are likely to affect production, turnover time, and nutrient fluxes in ecosystems. Analyses of the large-scale effects of fishing disturbance show that the initial effects of fishing on a habitat have greater ecosystem consequences than repeated fishing in fished areas. As a result, patchy fishing effort distributions have lower total impacts on the ecosystem than random or uniform effort distributions. In most fisheries, the distribution of annual fishing effort within habitats is more patchy than random, and patterns of effort are maintained from year to year. Our analyses suggest that many vulnerable species and habitats have only persisted in heavily fished ecosystems because effort is patchy. Ecosystem-based fisheries management involves taking account of the ecosystem effects of fishing when setting management objectives. One step that can be taken toward ecosystem-based fisheries management is to make an a priori assessment of the ecosystem effects of proposed management actions such as catch controls, effort controls, and technical measures. We suggest a process for predicting the ecosystem consequences of management action. This requires information on habitat distributions, models to predict changes in the spatial distribution of fleets following management action, and models of the impacts of trawling disturbance on ecosystem processes. For each proposed management action, the change in disturbance affecting different habitat types would be predicted and used to forecast the consequences for the ecosystem. These simulations would be used to produce a decision table, quantifying the consequences of alternative management actions. Actions that minimize the ecosystem effects of fishing could then be identified. In data-poor situations, we suggest that management strategies that maintain or maximize the patchiness of effort within habitat types are more consistent with the precautionary approach than those that lead to more uniform fishing effort distributions.

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