scholarly journals Low Birthweight as a Risk Factor for Non-communicable Diseases in Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Bianchi ◽  
Jaime M. Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease

According to studies undertaken over the past 40 years, low birthweight (LBW) is not only a significant predictor of perinatal death and morbidity, but also increases the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on LBW as a risk factor for NCDs in adults. The Barker hypothesis was based on the finding that adults with an LBW or an unhealthy intrauterine environment, as well as a rapid catch-up, die due to NCDs. Over the last few decades, terminology such as thrifty genes, fetal programming, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), and epigenetic factors have been coined. The most common NCDs include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), hypertension (HT), dyslipidemia, proteinuria, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Studies in mothers who experienced famine and those that solely reported birth weight as a risk factor for mortality support the concept. Although the etiology of NCD is unknown, Barry Brenner explained the notion of a low glomerular number (nGlom) in LBW children, followed by the progression to hyperfiltration as the physiopathologic etiology of HT and CKD in adults based on Guyton's renal physiology work. Autopsies of several ethnic groups have revealed anatomopathologic evidence in fetuses and adult kidneys. Because of the renal reserve, demonstrating renal function in proportion to renal volume in vivo is more difficult in adults. The greatest impact of these theories can be seen in pediatrics and obstetrics practice.

scholarly journals The mercapturomic profile of health and non-communicable diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalves-Dias ◽  
Morello ◽  
Semedo ◽  
Correia ◽  
Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites

The mercapturate pathway is a unique metabolic circuitry that detoxifies electrophiles upon adducts formation with glutathione. Since its discovery over a century ago, most of the knowledge on the mercapturate pathway has been provided from biomonitoring studies on environmental exposure to toxicants. However, the mercapturate pathway-related metabolites that is formed in humans—the mercapturomic profile—in health and disease is yet to be established. In this paper, we put forward the hypothesis that these metabolites are key pathophysiologic factors behind the onset and development of non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases. This review goes from the evidence in the formation of endogenous metabolites undergoing the mercapturate pathway to the methodologies for their assessment and their association with cancer and respiratory, neurologic and cardiometabolic diseases.

scholarly journals How to tackle the growing problem of type 2 diabetes in the European Union?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N M Mahrouseh ◽  
D W Njuguna ◽  
O A Varga
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
European Union ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background There is an alerting increase in the population affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the European Union (EU) with significant socioeconomic burden. According to an estimation by the International Diabetes Federation, by 2030, the total number of diabetic patients will be 38 million in EU. The “screen and treat” strategies that predominantly applied in policies to prevent T2DM have not achieved significant success, as reported by a large systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2017. Although the member states of the EU have almost full responsibilities for actions in the field of health, the EU has to tackle non-communicable diseases by targeting health determinants and lifestyle mostly through non-binding policies. The goal of this work is to review the T2DM prevention policies in the EU and compare with tobacco policies, from a legal perspective. Methods Following the systematic search and screening of policies from EUR-lex, a content analysis was carried out by using MonQcle as publicly available legal text document analysis platform, by two coders. The search was limited for regulations, directives and white papers. Results Our data collection consisted of 19 documents including 10 regulations, 6 directives and 3 white papers with relevance to T2DM, covering the following topics: health infrastructure and services, informational policies, economic policies, environmental policies, command and control and social policies. The identified policies covered the time frame of 1972 to 2020. Diabetes was targeted as part of non-communicable diseases. None of the policies was legally binding addressing T2DM directly which is in sharp contrast to the tobacco control policies in the EU. Conclusions T2DM, in fact, is largely preventable. EU institutions should consider to reframe T2DM prevention strategies and consider applying a wide range of population-level legislative and innovative actions to prevent T2DM e.g. taxes on unhealthy food products. Key messages T2DM is a largely preventable disease, effective legal tools should be created and applied matching the scale of such public health problem. T2DM policies of the EU may be subject to change due to additional value of actions taken by the EU compared to that could have been achieved by member states alone.

Association of Pro-inflammatory Diet With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension; Results From RaNCD Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Arbabi Jam ◽  
Shahab Rezaeian ◽  
Farid Najafi ◽  
Behroz Hamze ◽  
Ebrahim Shakiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Abstract Background: Dietary factors and inflammation are associated with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a developed validated assessment tool. This study was conducted to assessed association of DII with the hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This cross-sectional analysis was performed on 9,811 participants of 35 to 65 years of the base-line phase data of Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study. The DII was calculated using 31 parameters food of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The estimates were performed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.Results: The mean DII scores in healthy participants was -2.32± 1.60, in participant with T2DM, hypertension and both were -2.23± 1.59, -2.45± 1.60 and -2.25± 1.60, respectively (P= 0.011). Pre-inflammatory diet was significantly higher in male compared to female (P<0.001). In the most pro-inflammatory diet was significantly higher BMI (body mass index), triglyceride, energy intake, smokers; and was significantly lower socio-economic status (SES), physical activity and HDL-C compared to the most anti-inflammatory diet. Participants with T2DM, hypertension and comorbidity had a significantly higher mean of anthropometry indices (P<0.001) and lipid profile compared to healthy subjects (P<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex and physical activity, the odds of T2DM in the fourth quartile of DII was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.85) times higher compared to the first quartile of DII. Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory diet was weak associations with hypertension. Pro-inflammatory diet was significant associations with increasing T2DM and its related risk factors. Modification of diet and lifestyle is suggested to reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Hypertension in Uganda: Findings from the National Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factor Survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0138991 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Guwatudde ◽  
Gerald Mutungi ◽  
Ronald Wesonga ◽  
Richard Kajjura ◽  
Hafisa Kasule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

scholarly journals Rising prevalence of diabetes: evidence from the national registry in North Macedonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Stamenova ◽  
G Stevanovski ◽  
M Spasovski
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Diabetes Control ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Abstract Background Disease reporting and data collection are key tools for the health care systems in order to identify opportunities to address burden of diseases. The country’s diabetes patients register was the first registry to be integrated with the e-health system in North Macedonia in 2017. We aimed to estimate type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence and effectiveness of diabetes control as one of the proposed national priorities in tackling the non-communicable diseases. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on patients entered in the National Diabetes Register in 2017/2018. Patients’ socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics in association with diabetes’ complications and outcomes were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient (P &lt; 0.0001, 95% CI). Results This study identified a total of 35541 patients with a diagnosis of diabetes, out of which 32888 with type 2. This corresponds to a prevalence rate of 1583.9 per 100,000 population. The prevalence increased with age (65+) and was higher among females than males (56.8% vs. 43.2%). Over 80% of type 2 patients were overweight out of which 34.5% obese (BMI&gt;30kg/m2). Diabetic retinopathy is reported as first diagnosed complication in diabetic patients, followed by neuropathies and vascular complications. Patient’s low level of education and higher BMI were associated with increased number of early and late-onset complications. Conclusions Evidence accumulating suggests high burden of complications in type 2 diabetic patients, indicating that the patients understanding of diabetes care, treatment adherence and healthy lifestyle are important topics to be address by health professionals in order to avoid complications and premature deaths in people with diabetes. Key messages Integrated reporting of non-communicable diseases and risk factors is needed to complete current information gaps, from completeness of data to quality and comparability. The action plan for chronic diseases should specifically address diabetes control, as most of the patients with diabetes have high prevalence of comorbidities, complications and unfortunate outcomes.

scholarly journals Impact of nutritional risk factors on chronic non-communicable diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Grosso
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Among various risk factors, poor nutrition quality has been identified as a leading determinant of NCD. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study provided a comprehensive comparative risk assessment (CRA) of risk factor for NCD, quantifying the impact of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. Special focus on nutritional risk factors will be dedicated, discussing the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Results In 2017, over 30 million deaths were attributable to risk factors. When ranked, high systolic blood pressure was the leading risk factor, accounting for more than 10 million deaths, followed by, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. A total of 11 million deaths were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium, low intake of whole grains, and low intake of fruits were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths globally. However, important differences between regions and outcome (i.e., cardiovascular disease vs. cancer) have been registered. Besides the major aforementioned factors, underrated dietary risk factors, such as low calcium intake, have been found important contributors to cancer burden in certain developed countries. Interpretation The combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in NCD at the global level. These data provide a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations.

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