scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiological, Serological, and Pathogenic Analysis of EV-B75 Associated With Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Tibet, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyi Zhang ◽  
Mei Hong ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhi Han ◽  
Jinbo Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
The Novel ◽  
And Control ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Pathogenic Analysis ◽  
Structural Region

Enterovirus B75 (EV-B75) is a newly identified serotype of the enterovirus B species. To date, only 112 cases related to EV-B75 have been reported worldwide, and research on EV-B75 is still limited with only two full-length genome sequences available in GenBank. The present study reported seven EV-B75 sequences from a child with acute flaccid paralysis and six asymptomatic close contacts in Shigatse, Tibet. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tibetan strain was possibly imported from neighboring India. Seroepidemiological analyses indicated that EV-B75 has not yet caused a large-scale epidemic in Tibet. Similarity plots and boot scanning analyses revealed frequent intertypic recombination in the non-structural region of all seven Tibet EV-B75 strains. All seven Tibetan strains were temperature-sensitive, suggesting their poor transmissibility in the environment. Overall, though the seven Tibetan strains did not cause large-scale infection, prevention and control of the novel enterovirus cannot be underestimated.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Civilian-Military Scheduling of Medical Supplies for Epidemic Prevention and Control

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Hai-Feng Ling ◽  
Zheng-Lian Su ◽  
Xun-Lin Jiang ◽  
Yu-Jun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Problem Instances ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Minimum Ratio

In a large-scale epidemic, such as the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), there is huge demand for a variety of medical supplies, such as medical masks, ventilators, and sickbeds. Resources from civilian medical services are often not sufficient for fully satisfying all of these demands. Resources from military medical services, which are normally reserved for military use, can be an effective supplement to these demands. In this paper, we formulate a problem of integrated civilian-military scheduling of medical supplies for epidemic prevention and control, the aim of which is to simultaneously maximize the overall satisfaction rate of the medical supplies and minimize the total scheduling cost, while keeping a minimum ratio of medical supplies reservation for military use. We propose a multi-objective water wave optimization (WWO) algorithm in order to efficiently solve this problem. Computational results on a set of problem instances constructed based on real COVID-19 data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Santarpia ◽  
Danielle N. Rivera ◽  
Vicki L. Herrera ◽  
M. Jane Morwitzer ◽  
Hannah M. Creager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

Abstract The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global spread of COVID-19 represents perhaps the most significant public health emergency in a century. As the pandemic progressed, a continued paucity of evidence on routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission has resulted in shifting infection prevention and control guidelines between classically-defined airborne and droplet precautions. During the initial isolation of 13 individuals with COVID-19 at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, we collected air and surface samples to examine viral shedding from isolated individuals. We detected viral contamination among all samples, supporting the use of airborne isolation precautions when caring for COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals COVID-19 management in nursing homes by outbreak teams (MINUTES) — study description and data characteristics: a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e053235
Author(s):  
Lisa S van Tol ◽  
Hanneke J A Smaling ◽  
Janneke M Groothuijse ◽  
Arno J Doornebosch ◽  
Sarah I M Janus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
National Study ◽  
Staff Support ◽  
Term Care ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesNursing homes are hit relatively hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. Dutch long-term care (LTC) organisations installed outbreak teams (OTs) to coordinate COVID-19 infection prevention and control. LTC organisations and relevant national policy organisations expressed the need to share experiences from these OTs that can be applied directly in COVID-19 policy. The aim of the ‘COVID-19 management in nursing homes by outbreak teams’ (MINUTES) study is to describe the challenges, responses and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Dutch nursing homes. In this first article, we describe the MINUTES Study and present data characteristics.DesignThis large-scale multicentre study has a qualitative design using manifest content analysis. The participating organisations shared their OT minutes and other meeting documents on a weekly basis. Data from week 16 (April) to week 53 (December) 2020 included the first two waves of COVID-19.SettingNational study with 41 large Dutch LTC organisations.ParticipantsThe LTC organisations represented 563 nursing home locations and almost 43 000 residents.ResultsAt least 36 of the 41 organisations had one or more SARS-CoV-2 infections among their residents. Most OTs were composed of management, medical staff, support services staff, policy advisors and communication specialists. Topics that emerged from the documents were: crisis management, isolation of residents, personal protective equipment and hygiene, staff, residents’ well-being, visitor policies, testing and vaccination.ConclusionsOT meeting minutes are a valuable data source to monitor the impact of and responses to COVID-19 in nursing homes. Depending on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection and analysis will continue until November 2021. The results are used directly in national and organisational COVID-19 policy.

Infection Prevention and Control Lead Link Practitioner: a new deployed role piloted on Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3

2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-413
Author(s):  
Siobhan I Davis ◽  
J S Biswas ◽  
S White
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Small Pool ◽  
And Control

Disease non-battle injury has plagued British expeditionary forces through the ages. While in recent years significant mortality has reduced, it has had a large impact on operational effectiveness, at times leading to closure of major medical treatment facilities (MTFs).Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) benefits from a subject matter expert and champion to ensure it remains at the front of people’s minds and to be on hand to manage acute and dynamic situations. To mitigate the lack of an IPC Nursing Officer, we piloted a deployed military IPC Lead Link Practitioner (IPC-LL) for the first time on a large-scale overseas exercise (SAIF SAREEA 3). An experienced generalist nurse deploying as the IPC-LL (after specific training) provided pre-deployment IPC education and preparation, deployed IPC advice, undertook mandatory audits and monitored IPC compliance throughout the MTFs on the exercise. Data from 22 IPC audits conducted on the exercise showed that the presence of the IPC-LL improved IPC compliance and standards overall in the MTF where based, compared with others. In addition, a gastroenteritis outbreak occurred and was successfully managed with significant input from the IPC-LL. The IPC-LL was also able to add value by pre-empting potential IPC problems from occurring.There is a small pool of deployable Infection Prevention and Control Nursing Officers, so this new IPC-LL role could help to fill the capability gap. The IPC-LL could be the dedicated person focusing on IPC elements, reducing the IPC risk within the deployed field hospital setting where deployed experts are not available.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Plasma Analysis Revealed New Mechanisms and Molecules Associated with the Host Response to SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8623
Author(s):  
Elettra Barberis ◽  
Sara Timo ◽  
Elia Amede ◽  
Virginia V. Vanella ◽  
Chiara Puricelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
And Control

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every continent, registering over 1,250,000 deaths worldwide. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on host targets remains largely limited, hampering our understanding of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. The present study used a comprehensive untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic approach to capture the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that several circulating lipids acted as potential biomarkers, such as phosphatidylcholine 14:0_22:6 (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96), phosphatidylcholine 16:1_22:6 (AUC = 0.97), and phosphatidylethanolamine 18:1_20:4 (AUC = 0.94). Furthermore, triglycerides and free fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid (AUC = 0.99) and oleic acid (AUC = 0.98), were well correlated to the severity of the disease. An untargeted analysis of non-critical COVID-19 patients identified a strong alteration of lipids and a perturbation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA degradation, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The severity of the disease was characterized by the activation of gluconeogenesis and the metabolism of porphyrins, which play a crucial role in the progress of the infection. In addition, our study provided further evidence for considering phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity as a potential key factor in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and a possible therapeutic target. To date, the present study provides the largest untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of plasma from COVID-19 patients and control groups, identifying new mechanisms associated with the host response to COVID-19, potential plasma biomarkers, and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Overcoming Current and Preventing Future Nosocomial Outbreaks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned at Three Hospitals in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10226
Author(s):  
Makiko Komasawa ◽  
Myo Nyein Aung ◽  
Kiyoko Saito ◽  
Mitsuo Isono ◽  
Go Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Health Care Delivery Systems ◽  
And Control

Hospitals are increasingly challenged by nosocomial infection (NI) outbreaks during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although standardized guidelines and manuals regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are available worldwide, case-studies conducted at specified hospitals that are required to cope with real settings are limited. In this study, we analyzed three hospitals in Japan where large-scale NI outbreaks occurred for hints on how to prevent NI outbreaks. We reviewed openly available information from each hospital and analyzed it applying a three domain framework: operation management; identification of infection status; and infection control measures. We learned that despite having authorized infection control teams and using existing standardized IPC measures, SARS-CoV-2 may still enter hospitals. Early detection of suspected cases and confirmation by PCR test, carefully dealing with staff-to-staff transmission were the most essential factors to prevent NI outbreaks. It was also suggested that ordinary training on IPC for staff does not always provide enough practical knowledge and skills; in such cases external technical and operational supports are crucial. It is expected that our results will provide insights into preventing NI outbreaks of COVID-19, and contribute to mitigate the damage to health care delivery systems in various countries.

scholarly journals Predictive Analysis of Real-Time Strategy using Face book’s Prophet Model on Covid-19 Dataset of India

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Renuka Sharma ◽  
S. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

The global epidemic of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) called SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has infected millions and killed millions. The prevalence of the virus is of paramount importance in identifying future infections and preparing healthcare facilities to avoid death. Accurately predicting the spread of COVID-19 is a challenging analytical and practical task for the research community. We can learn to use predictive analytics to predict the positive outcomes of these risks. These predictive analytics can look at the risks of past successes and failures. In this paper, the Facebook prophet model discusses the number of large-scale cases and deaths in India based on daily time-series data from 30 January 2020 to 30 April 2021, for forecasting and visualization. The covid-19 pandemic could end prematurely if social distancing and safety measures are required to stabilize and control is required to achieve treatment in India. This paper suggests that the Prophet Model is more effective in predicting COVID-19 cases. The forecast results will help the government plan strategies to prevent the spread of the coronavirus.

scholarly journals Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali ◽  
Jason J. LeBlanc ◽  
Zubi Sadiq ◽  
Oyejide Damilola Oyewunmi ◽  
Carolina Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Efficient diagnostic tools are in high demand, as rapid and large-scale testing plays a pivotal role in patient management and decelerating disease spread. This paper reviews current technologies used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical laboratories as well as advances made for molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, including recent developments in sensor and biosensor devices. The importance of the timing and type of specimen collection is discussed, along with factors such as disease prevalence, setting, and methods. Details of the mechanisms of action of the various methodologies are presented, along with their application span and known performance characteristics. Diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarkers are also covered, with an emphasis on their use for assessing COVID-19 or monitoring disease severity or complications. While the SARS-CoV-2 literature is rapidly evolving, this review highlights topics of interest that have occurred during the pandemic and the lessons learned throughout. Exploring a broad armamentarium of techniques for detecting SARS-CoV-2 will ensure continued diagnostic support for clinicians, public health, and infection prevention and control for this pandemic and provide advice for future pandemic preparedness.

scholarly journals COVID-19: An insight into the developments in diagnostics and therapeutics in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Rao ◽  
Swetha Kannan ◽  
Jitendra Kumar ◽  
Gururaj Arakeri ◽  
Anand Subash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into

The unexpected pandemic set off by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has spread to more than 210 countries across the globe, including India. In the current pandemic situation, various steps have been taken by the Indian government to prevent and control the spread of the SARS-CoV2 infection. To date, there are no proven vaccines or effective therapeutic interventions against the virus. Current clinical management includes infection prevention and control, symptom-specific relief and supportive care. Physicians and scientists across the country have been tirelessly working on developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and to combat and control this infection. As the demand for diagnostics and therapeutics continues to rise in India and around the globe, it is essential to rapidly develop various algorithms to successfully identify and contain the virus. This review discusses the updates on the recent developments in COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics in India.

scholarly journals Simulated sunlight decreases the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in mucus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253068
Author(s):  
Angela Sloan ◽  
Todd Cutts ◽  
Bryan D. Griffin ◽  
Samantha Kasloff ◽  
Zachary Schiffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Simulated Sunlight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread into a pandemic since its emergence in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. This has been facilitated by its high transmissibility within the human population and its ability to remain viable on inanimate surfaces for an extended period. To address the latter, we examined the effect of simulated sunlight on the viability of SARS-CoV-2 spiked into tissue culture medium or mucus. The study revealed that inactivation took 37 minutes in medium and 107 minutes in mucus. These times-to-inactivation were unexpected since they are longer than have been observed in other studies. From this work, we demonstrate that sunlight represents an effective decontamination method but the speed of decontamination is variable based on the underlying matrix. This information has an important impact on the development of infection prevention and control protocols to reduce the spread of this deadly pathogen.

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