scholarly journals Training-Dependent Change in Content of Association in Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hea-jin Kim ◽  
Hae-Young Koh
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Sensory Encoding

In appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, experience with a conditional relationship between a cue [conditioned stimulus (CS)] and a reward [unconditioned stimulus (US)] bestows CS with the ability to promote adaptive behavior patterns. Different features of US (e.g., identity-specific sensory, general motivational) can be encoded by CS based on the nature of the CS-US relationship experienced (e.g., temporal factors such as training amount) and the content of association may determine the influence of CS over behavior (e.g., mediated learning, conditioned reinforcement). The content of association changed with varying conditioning factors, thereby altering behavioral consequences, however, has never been addressed in relevant brain signals evoked by CS. Our previous study found that phospholipase C β1-knockout (PLCβ1-KO) mice display persistent mediated learning over the extended course of odor-sugar conditioning, and that wild-type (WT) mice lose mediated learning sensitivity after extended training. In this study, in order to see whether this behavioral difference between these two genotypes comes from a difference in the course of association content, we examined whether odor CS can evoke the taste sensory representation of an absent sugar US after minimal- and extended training in these mice. In contrast to WT, which lost CS-evoked neural activation (c-Fos expression) in the gustatory cortex after extended training, KO mice displayed persistent association with the sensory feature of sugar, suggesting that sensory encoding is reliably linked to mediated learning sensitivity and there is a training-dependent change in the content of association in WT. PLCβ1 knockdown in the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulted in mediated learning sensitivity and CS-evoked gustatory cortical activation after extended training, proposing a molecular component of the neural system underlying this Pavlovian conditioning process. We also discuss how disruption of this process is implicated for hallucination-like behaviors (impaired reality testing).

scholarly journals Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20182132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Mizunami ◽  
Sho Hirohata ◽  
Ai Sato ◽  
Ryoichi Arai ◽  
Kanta Terao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
And Control

The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended training of Pavlovian conditioning in any animals. Here we show that crickets Gryllus bimaculatus that had received minimal training to associate an odour with water (unconditioned stimulus, US) did not exhibit conditioned response (CR) to the odour when they were given water until satiation before the test, but those that had received extended training exhibited CR even when they were satiated with water. Further pharmacological experiments suggested that octopamine neurons, the invertebrate counterparts of noradrenaline neurons, mediate US value signals and control execution of CR after minimal training, but the control diminishes with the progress of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to US devaluation. The results suggest that repetitive sensory experiences can lead to a change from a goal-driven response to a more automatic one in crickets.

scholarly journals Cerebellar Activation Deficits in Schizophrenia During an Eyeblink Conditioning Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy B Lundin ◽  
Dae-Jin Kim ◽  
Rachel L Tullar ◽  
Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks ◽  
Jerillyn S Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Symptom ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Group ◽  
Crus I

Abstract The cognitive dysmetria theory of psychotic disorders posits that cerebellar circuit abnormalities give rise to difficulties coordinating motor and cognitive functions. However, brain activation during cerebellar-mediated tasks is understudied in schizophrenia. Accordingly, this study examined whether individuals with schizophrenia have diminished neural activation compared to controls in key regions of the delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) cerebellar circuit (eg, lobule VI) and cerebellar regions associated with cognition (eg, Crus I). Participants with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 43) underwent dEBC during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Images were normalized using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Template (SUIT) of the cerebellum and brainstem. Activation contrasts of interest were “early” and “late” stages of paired tone and air puff trials minus unpaired trials. Preliminary whole brain analyses were conducted, followed by cerebellar-specific SUIT and region of interest (ROI) analyses of lobule VI and Crus I. Correlation analyses were conducted between cerebellar activation, neuropsychological test scores, and psychotic symptom scores. In controls, the largest clusters of cerebellar activation peaked in lobule VI during early dEBC and Crus I during late dEBC. The schizophrenia group showed robust cortical activation to unpaired trials but no significant conditioning-related cerebellar activation. Crus I ROI activation during late dEBC was greater in the control than schizophrenia group. Greater Crus I activation correlated with higher working memory scores in the full sample and lower positive psychotic symptom severity in schizophrenia. Findings indicate functional cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia which relate to psychotic symptoms, lending direct support to the cognitive dysmetria framework.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise in Immersive Virtual Environments on Cortical Neural Oscillations and Mental State

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Vogt ◽  
Rainer Herpers ◽  
Christopher D. Askew ◽  
David Scherfgen ◽  
Heiko K. Strüder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Environment Exposure

Virtual reality environments are increasingly being used to encourage individuals to exercise more regularly, including as part of treatment those with mental health or neurological disorders. The success of virtual environments likely depends on whether a sense of presence can be established, where participants become fully immersed in the virtual environment. Exposure to virtual environments is associated with physiological responses, including cortical activation changes. Whether the addition of a real exercise within a virtual environment alters sense of presence perception, or the accompanying physiological changes, is not known. In a randomized and controlled study design, moderate-intensity Exercise (i.e., self-paced cycling) and No-Exercise (i.e., automatic propulsion) trials were performed within three levels of virtual environment exposure. Each trial was 5 minutes in duration and was followed by posttrial assessments of heart rate, perceived sense of presence, EEG, and mental state. Changes in psychological strain and physical state were generally mirrored by neural activation patterns. Furthermore, these changes indicated that exercise augments the demands of virtual environment exposures and this likely contributed to an enhanced sense of presence.

scholarly journals Rapid EEG desynchronization and EMG activation induced by intravenous cocaine in freely moving rats: a peripheral, nondopamine neural triggering

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (2) ◽  
pp. R285-R300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene A. Kiyatkin ◽  
Michael S. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Urethane Anesthesia ◽  
Freely Moving Rats ◽  
Neural Transmission ◽  
Freely Moving

Many important physiological, behavioral, and psychoemotional effects of intravenous (IV) cocaine (COC) are too fast and transient compared with pharmacokinetic predictions, suggesting a possible involvement of peripheral neural mechanisms in their triggering. In the present study, we examined changes in cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) and neck electromyogram (EMG) induced in freely moving rats by IV COC administration at low, reinforcing doses (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) and compared them with those induced by an auditory stimulus and IV COC methiodide, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. We found that COC induces rapid, strong, and prolonged EEG desynchronization, associated with decrease in alpha and increase in beta and gamma activities, and EMG activation and that both begin within 2–6 s following the start of a 10-s injection; immediate components of this effect were dose independent. The rapid COC-induced changes in EEG and EMG resembled those induced by an auditory stimulus; the latter effects had shorter onset latencies and durations and were fully blocked during urethane anesthesia. Although urethane anesthesia completely blocked COC-induced EMG activation and rapid components of EEG response, COC still induced EEG desynchronization that was much weaker, greatly delayed (∼60 s), and associated with tonic decreases in delta and increases in alpha, beta, and gamma activities. Surprisingly, IV saline delivered during slow-wave sleep (but not quite wakefulness) also induced a transient EEG desynchronization but without changes in EMG activity; these effects were also fully blocked during anesthesia. Peripherally acting COC methiodide fully mimicked rapid EEG and EMG effects of regular COC, but the effects at an equimolar dose were less prolonged than those with regular COC. These data suggest that in awake animals IV COC, like somato-sensory stimuli, induces cortical activation and a subsequent motor response via its action on peripheral neural elements and involving rapid neural transmission. By providing a rapid neural signal and triggering transient neural activation, such an action might play a crucial role in the sensory effects of COC, thus contributing to the learning and development of drug-taking behavior.

Parameter Extraction from Population Codes: A Critical Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman P. Snippe
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Extraction ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Neuronal Ensemble ◽  
Activation Profile ◽  
Perceptual Systems

In perceptual systems, a stimulus parameter can be extracted by determining the center-of-gravity of the response profile of a population of neural sensors. Likewise at the motor end of a neural system, center-of-gravity decoding, also known as vector decoding, generates a movement direction from the neural activation profile. We evaluate these schemes from a statistical perspective, by comparing their statistical variance with the minimum variance possible for an unbiased parameter extraction from the noisy neuronal ensemble activation profile. Center-of-gravity decoding can be statistically optimal. This is the case for regular arrays of sensors with gaussian tuning profiles that have an output described by Poisson statistics, and for arrays of sensors with a sinusoidal tuning profile for the (angular) parameter estimated. However, there are also many cases in which center-of-gravity decoding is highly inefficient. This includes the important case where sensor positions are very irregular. Finally, we study the robustness of center-of-gravity decoding against response nonlinearities at different stages of an information processing hierarchy. We conclude that, in neural systems, instead of representing a parameter explicitly, it is safer to leave the parameter coded implicitly in a neuronal ensemble activation profile.

scholarly journals What Is Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning in Crickets? Revisiting the S-S and S-R Learning Theories

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Mizunami
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Water Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Standard Training ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
And Control

In Pavlovian conditioning in mammals, two theories have been proposed for associations underlying conditioned responses (CRs). One theory, called S-S theory, assumes an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and internal representation of an unconditioned stimulus (US), allowing the animal to adjust the CR depending on the current value of the US. The other theory, called S-R theory, assumes an association or connection between the CS center and the CR center, allowing the CS to elicit the CR. Whether these theories account for Pavlovian conditioning in invertebrates has remained unclear. In this article, results of our studies in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus are reviewed. We showed that after a standard amount of Pavlovian training, crickets exhibited no response to odor CS when water US was devalued by providing it until satiation, whereas after extended training, they exhibited a CR after US devaluation. An increase of behavioral automaticity by extended training has not been reported in Pavlovian conditioning in any other animals, but it has been documented in instrumental conditioning in mammals. Our pharmacological analysis suggested that octopamine neurons mediate US (water) value signals and control execution of the CR after standard training. The control, however, diminishes with extension of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to the US value. We also found that the nature of the habitual response after extended Pavlovian training in crickets is not the same as that after extended instrumental training in mammals concerning the context specificity. Adaptive significance and evolutionary implications for our findings are discussed.

scholarly journals A Scale-Dependent Neural System for Human Spatial Navigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Dong ◽  
Shengkai Wang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xiaohong Wan ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neural Activation

Abstract It is currently unclear whether the human brain processes navigation tasks at different scales in the same way. According to the classical view, humans process navigation information using a hierarchical representation system in a unified way. Other theories, such as the dual and multiple systems theories, suggest that the processing of navigation tasks differs between spatial scales. In addition, previous human navigation studies have mainly focused on scales ranging from rooms to small neighborhoods. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of large-scale spatial navigation tasks in the human brain, and the ways in which neural activation changes with scale, have not been examined in detail. In this study, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based multi-scale mental navigation experiment across six spatial scales. On the basis of cortical activity patterns, we discovered a scale-dependent neural system that included the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parietal gyrus and temporal gyrus, revealing neural-based divisions based on spatial scale: small scale (room), medium scale (building), large scale (block), and huge scale (city, country and continent). In contrast, scale-free characteristics were observed in middle occipital gyrus. The current findings provide new insight into the neural mechanisms of scale-driven spatial navigation in humans.

scholarly journals Increasing Motor Cortex Activation During Grasping Via Novel Robotic Mirror Hand Therapy: A Pilot fNIRS Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Kun-Do Lee ◽  
Thomas C Bulea ◽  
Hyung-Soon Park
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Contralateral Motor ◽  
Passive Movements

Abstract Background: Mirror therapy (MT) has been used for functional recovery of the affected hand by providing the mirrored image of the unaffected hand movement, which induces neural activation of the contralateral cortical hemisphere. Recently, many wearable robots assisting the movement of the hand have been developed, and several studies have proposed robotic mirror therapy (RMT) that provides mirrored movements of the unaffected hand on the affected hand with the robot controlled by electromyography or posture of the unaffected hand. There have been limited evaluations of the cortical activity during RMT compared to MT and robotic therapy (RT) providing passive movements despite the difference in the modality of sensory feedback and the involvement of motor intention, respectively. Methods: This paper analyzes bilateral motor cortex activation in nine healthy subjects and five chronic stroke survivors during a pinching task performed in MT, RT, and RMT conditions using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In the MT condition, the person moved the unaffected hand and observed it in a mirror while the affected hand remained still. In RT condition passive movements were provided to the affected hand with a cable-driven soft robotic glove, while, in RMT condition, the posture of the unaffected hand was measured by a sensing glove and the soft robotic glove mirrored its movement on the affected hand. Results: For both groups, the RMT condition showed the greatest mean cortical activation on the contralateral motor cortex compared to other conditions. Individual results indicate that RMT induces similar or greater neural activation on the motor cortex compared to MT and RT conditions. The interhemispheric activations of both groups were balanced in RMT condition. In MT condition, significantly greater activation was shown on the ipsilateral side for both subject groups, while the contralateral side showed significantly greater activation for healthy in RT condition. Conclusion: The experimental results indicate that combining visual feedback, somatosensory feedback, and motor intention are important for greater stimulation on the contralateral motor cortex of the affected hand. RMT that includes these factors is hypothesized to achieve a more effective functional rehabilitation due to greater and more balanced cortical activation.

Determining the Effects of Cross-Education on Muscle Strength, Thickness and Cortical Activation Following Limb Immobilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Madelaine Haggert ◽  
Alan Pearce ◽  
Ashlyn Frazer ◽  
Simin Rahman ◽  
Dawson Kidgell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Cortical Level ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
Limb Immobilization

Purpose: Cross-education (CE) increases strength of both the trained and untrained limb, with emerging evidence, suggesting CE could be used to attenuate muscle strength and thickness following periods of limb immobilization. This study examined the available evidence for the clinical efficacy of CE to attenuate muscle strength, thickness and neural activation during limb immobilization. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of CE on muscle strength, thickness and activation of an immobilized limb.  The evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were pooled to assess effect estimates for changes in strength, muscle thickness and neural activation of the untrained immobilized limb. Results: CE attenuated muscle strength in 5 RCTs (n= 78) which reported a SMD of 1.60 (95% CI 0.62, 2.59; P = 0.001) and muscle thickness, with an SMD of 1.52 (95% CI 0.22, 2.81; P = 0.02) compared to control. There was no difference in muscle activation (SMD of 0.08; 95% CI -0.34, 0.50; P = 0.72), regions of cortical activation (MD 31.8; 95% CI -22.71, 86.31; P = 0.25) or corticospinal excitability (MD 5.2; 95% CI -2.38, 12.78; P = 0.18) compared to control.    Conclusions: These results show that strength training the free limb via cross-education maintains muscle strength and muscle thickness of the immobilized limb compared to control (immobilization only). Because there was no effect on muscle activation, but a large mean difference in cortical activation, it is likely that the attenuation of muscle strength is due to neural adaptations at a cortical level.

scholarly journals Análise e reconhecimento de padrões cognitivos em escutas musicais e sonoros em áudios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
E. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Classification Problem ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Similar Cluster ◽  
Cluster Behavior

We are involved in an environment full of sounds around us. Studying and analyzing the impacts that musical practice causes and showing mathematically that this practice provides significant cognitive effects on the human brain are the main motivations of this thesis. In more detail, the aim of this thesis was to develop a methodology capable of characterizing the cortical activation patterns generated during the register of Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals through pattern recognition techniques in statistics, in addition to analyzing the acoustic features commonly employed in this context, in order to reveal whether they are statistically relevant. A computational framework was initially developed to address a 2 group classification problem based on data from EEG signals extracted from volunteer musicians and non-musicians during an auditory task, to predict whether a particular person is a musician or not. The results showed that it is possible to classify the sampled groups with accuracy ranging from 69.2% to 93.8%, allowing not only a better description of the neural activation patterns that characterize the musician and non-musician volunteers, but also highlighting how these patterns they change in the transition regions and decision boundaries that separate the sampled groups, indicating a plausible linear separation between these groups. Additionally, as another original contribution of this thesis, the audio signals from a public and internationally referenced database containing 1000 musical excerpts with 10 different genres were analyzed to investigate numerical similarities between the short-term acoustic features extracted from the audios and commonly explored in related literature. The results obtained show a similar cluster behavior among these features for all analyzed music, regardless of the musical genre. It was then possible to discuss in an unprecedented way the relationship between the way the acoustic features of songs are described in the literature and how they are grouped statistically, revealing that the information we use to cognitively process these sound features is implicitly statistical. Although all the methods described and implemented in this thesis are based on EEG signals, it is believed that they can be extended to other types of multivariate cognitive signals, such as, for example, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), allowing a greater cortical and sub-cortical understanding of the functioning of our brain during listening

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