scholarly journals What Is Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning in Crickets? Revisiting the S-S and S-R Learning Theories

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Mizunami
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Water Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Standard Training ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
And Control

In Pavlovian conditioning in mammals, two theories have been proposed for associations underlying conditioned responses (CRs). One theory, called S-S theory, assumes an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and internal representation of an unconditioned stimulus (US), allowing the animal to adjust the CR depending on the current value of the US. The other theory, called S-R theory, assumes an association or connection between the CS center and the CR center, allowing the CS to elicit the CR. Whether these theories account for Pavlovian conditioning in invertebrates has remained unclear. In this article, results of our studies in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus are reviewed. We showed that after a standard amount of Pavlovian training, crickets exhibited no response to odor CS when water US was devalued by providing it until satiation, whereas after extended training, they exhibited a CR after US devaluation. An increase of behavioral automaticity by extended training has not been reported in Pavlovian conditioning in any other animals, but it has been documented in instrumental conditioning in mammals. Our pharmacological analysis suggested that octopamine neurons mediate US (water) value signals and control execution of the CR after standard training. The control, however, diminishes with extension of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to the US value. We also found that the nature of the habitual response after extended Pavlovian training in crickets is not the same as that after extended instrumental training in mammals concerning the context specificity. Adaptive significance and evolutionary implications for our findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20182132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Mizunami ◽  
Sho Hirohata ◽  
Ai Sato ◽  
Ryoichi Arai ◽  
Kanta Terao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
And Control

The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended training of Pavlovian conditioning in any animals. Here we show that crickets Gryllus bimaculatus that had received minimal training to associate an odour with water (unconditioned stimulus, US) did not exhibit conditioned response (CR) to the odour when they were given water until satiation before the test, but those that had received extended training exhibited CR even when they were satiated with water. Further pharmacological experiments suggested that octopamine neurons, the invertebrate counterparts of noradrenaline neurons, mediate US value signals and control execution of CR after minimal training, but the control diminishes with the progress of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to US devaluation. The results suggest that repetitive sensory experiences can lead to a change from a goal-driven response to a more automatic one in crickets.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POST-RETRIEVAL EXTINCTION ON THE RETURN OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES IN HUMANS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Fonseca Zuccolo ◽  
Maria Helena Leite Hunziker
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Single Presentation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Conditioned Responses

We conducted a preliminary study to replicate the experiment by Schiller et al. (2010), who found that conditional responses (CR) may be permanently inhibited through post-retrieval extinction, a procedure in which subjects are exposed to a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue), such as the presentation of the CS without the US or a single presentation of the US alone, followed by extinction. Eleven adult participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning with three colored squares (CS), two of which (CSa+ and CSb+) were paired with a mild electrical stimulation (US), whereas a third stimulus was never paired with a US (CS-). Twenty-four hours later, the participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control) and underwent extinction, which consisted of presenting all CSs without the US. For the experimental group only, a retrieval cue consisting of a single presentation of the CSa+ and CS- without the US was administered 10 min before extinction. In the test phase, the US was administered four times and then followed by a ten-minute interval and a new extinction procedure. Skin conductance responses to the stimuli were measured. Groups did not differ from each other. They presented equivalent levels of conditioning and extinction as well as an increase in CR amplitudes following the presentation of all stimuli in the test phase. These data do not replicate findings from the original study, suggesting that further analyses are needed to identify variables that control Pavlovian conditioning and extinction in humans. Key words: Pavlovian conditioning, post-retrieval extinction, reconsolidation, skin conductance, humans.

scholarly journals Higher-Order Conditioning: What Is Learnt and How it Is Expressed

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Honey ◽  
Dominic M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Pairing a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with a motivationally significant unconditioned stimulus (US) results in the CS coming to elicit conditioned responses (CRs). The widespread significance and translational value of Pavlovian conditioning are increased by the fact that pairing two neutral CSs (A and X) enables conditioning with X to affect behavior to A. There are two traditional informal accounts of such higher-order conditioning, which build on more formal associative analyses of Pavlovian conditioning. But, higher-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning have characteristics that are beyond these accounts: Notably, the two are influenced in different ways by the same experimental manipulations, and both generate conditioned responses that do not reflect the US per se. Here, we present a formal analysis that sought to address these characteristics.

A HIPAA Security and Privacy Compliance Audit and Risk Assessment Mitigation Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Young B. Choi ◽  
Christopher E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Information Assurance ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Privacy Requirements ◽  
Security Controls ◽  
The Us ◽  
Compliance Audit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health Laws

Data breaches have a profound effect on businesses associated with industries like the US healthcare system. This task extends more pressure on healthcare providers as they continue to gain unprecedented access to patient data, as the US healthcare system integrates further into the digital realm. Pressure has also led to the creation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Omnibus Rule, and Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health laws. The Defense Information Systems Agency also develops and maintains security technical implementation guides that are consistent with DoD cybersecurity policies, standards, architectures, security controls, and validation procedures. The objective is to design a network (physician's office) in order to meet the complexity standards and unpredictable measures posed by attackers. Additionally, the network must adhere to HIPAA security and privacy requirements required by law. Successful implantation of network design will articulate comprehension requirements of information assurance security and control.

scholarly journals Stimulus salience determines defensive behaviors elicited by aversively conditioned serial compound auditory stimuli

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hersman ◽  
David Allen ◽  
Mariko Hashimoto ◽  
Salvador Ignacio Brito ◽  
Todd E Anthony
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Serial Compound ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Us ◽  
Stimulus Salience ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Assessing the imminence of threatening events using environmental cues enables proactive engagement of appropriate avoidance responses. The neural processes employed to anticipate event occurrence depend upon which cue properties are used to formulate predictions. In serial compound stimulus (SCS) conditioning in mice, repeated presentations of sequential tone (CS1) and white noise (CS2) auditory stimuli immediately prior to an aversive event (US) produces freezing and flight responses to CS1 and CS2, respectively (Fadok et al., 2017). Recent work reported that these responses reflect learned temporal relationships of CS1 and CS2 to the US (Dong et al., 2019). However, we find that frequency and sound pressure levels, not temporal proximity to the US, are the key factors underlying SCS-driven conditioned responses. Moreover, white noise elicits greater physiological and behavioral responses than tones even prior to conditioning. Thus, stimulus salience is the primary determinant of behavior in the SCS paradigm, and represents a potential confound in experiments utilizing multiple sensory stimuli.

scholarly journals An e-Learning Model for Teaching Mathematics on an Open Source Learning Platform

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Yong Ahn ◽  
Akugizibwe Edwin
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Objects ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Control Learning ◽  
E Learning ◽  
And Control

Throughout the world, mathematics plays a vital role for the educational and developmental aspirations of any country. The quest to teach mathematical knowledge in a viable and effective way so as to induce creativity and applicability among learners is an ongoing challenge, especially for developing countries. A better understanding of how students learn mathematics coupled with effective application of mathematical e-learning can enhance meaningful learning of mathematics and make the subject more exciting. In this note, we introduce a mathematical e-learning model suitable for the modern digital era based on the learning theories of social constructivism, social realism, and connectivity. We then discuss the feasibility of implementing the model on an open source e-learning platform. Our findings reveal that the platform offers a developer’s tool for coding and customizing templates to attain higher levels of usage and interactivity in which learners can create and control learning objects while they observe the results.   

scholarly journals The gravitational imprint on sensorimotor planning and control

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. White ◽  
J. Gaveau ◽  
L. Bringoux ◽  
F. Crevecoeur
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Gravity ◽  
Partial Adjustment ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Biomechanical Constraints ◽  
And Control ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Humans excel at learning complex tasks, and elite performers such as musicians or athletes develop motor skills that defy biomechanical constraints. All actions require the movement of massive bodies. Of particular interest in the process of sensorimotor learning and control is the impact of gravitational forces on the body. Indeed, efficient control and accurate internal representations of the body configuration in space depend on our ability to feel and anticipate the action of gravity. Here we review studies on perception and sensorimotor control in both normal and altered gravity. Behavioral and modeling studies together suggested that the nervous system develops efficient strategies to take advantage of gravitational forces across a wide variety of tasks. However, when the body was exposed to altered gravity, the rate and amount of adaptation exhibited substantial variation from one experiment to another and sometimes led to partial adjustment only. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that the brain uses a multimodal and flexible representation of the effect of gravity on our body and movements. Future work is necessary to better characterize the nature of this internal representation and the extent to which it can adapt to novel contexts.

scholarly journals Exposure and Black Migrancy in Teju Cole

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gamso
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

AbstractThrough a reading of Teju Cole’s novel Open City (2011), this article argues that the exposure of black migrants constitutes the principal organizing conceit of global literary culture and knowledge production. The novel’s protagonist, a Nigerian emigre named Julius, is faced with ceaseless scrutiny as he traverses urban spaces in the US, Europe, and West Africa, meeting other migrants. In staging Julius’ encounters with others, the novel allegorizes a structure of racialized subjection continuous with the modern history of western epistemology and glaringly present in the contemporary. Yet it also provides grounds for a recursive ethic of opacity, which Julius eagerly endorses. The article surveys critical studies of race, migration, infrastructure, and world literature, in addition to Cole’s writings on photography. The aim is not only to uncover the logics of racialization at play in the enactment of culture, but also to conceive of culture itself as a historical infrastructure of privation and control.

Diversity of Practical Quota Systems for Farmland Preservation: A Multicountry Comparison and Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Tan ◽  
Volker Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Farmland Preservation ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Land Use Control

Diverse quota systems are designed and implemented in different countries to preserve farmland. Choosing a quota system for farmland preservation is thus an important issue for policy makers and researchers. In order to explain this diversity and reveal shared principles for the choice of a quota system in practice, we compare typical quota arrangements in four countries through a model of transaction cost economics (TCE). We examine agricultural zoning in the Netherlands, the transferable development right in the US, command-and-control quotas and their supplemented trading mode in China, and the debated tradable planning permits for land-use control in Germany. Our comparison not only shows that extending TCE into tradable quota theory is feasible, but also compares experience with the tools of farmland preservation across the four countries. Furthermore, the shared principles we discover could also be reference points for the rest of the world.

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