scholarly journals Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Genovese ◽  
Johannes Reisert ◽  
Vladimir J. Kefalov
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
The Common

The past decades have seen tremendous progress in our understanding of the function of photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons, uncovering the mechanisms that determine their properties and, ultimately, our ability to see and smell. This progress has been driven to a large degree by the powerful combination of physiological experimental tools and genetic manipulations, which has enabled us to identify the main molecular players in the transduction cascades of these sensory neurons, how their properties affect the detection and discrimination of stimuli, and how diseases affect our senses of vision and smell. This review summarizes some of the common and unique features of photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons that make these cells so exciting to study.

An Overview of Learning Management Systems

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Piña
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Learning Management Systems ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Learning Management

In this chapter, the reader is taken through a macro level view of learning management systems, with a particular emphasis on systems offered by commercial vendors. Included is a consideration of the growth of learning management systems during the past decade, the common features and tools contained within these systems, and a look at the advantages and disadvantages that learning management systems provide to institutions. In addition, the reader is presented with specific resources and options for evaluating, selecting and deploying learning management systems. A section highlighting the possible advantages and disadvantages of selecting a commercial versus an open source system is followed by a series of brief profiles of the leading vendors of commercial and open source learning management systems.

An Overview of Learning Management Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 33-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Piña
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Learning Management Systems ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Learning Management

In this chapter, the reader is taken through a macro level view of learning management systems, with a particular emphasis on systems offered by commercial vendors. Included is a consideration of the growth of learning management systems during the past decade, the common features and tools contained within these systems, and a look at the advantages and disadvantages that learning management systems provide to institutions. In addition, the reader is presented with specific resources and options for evaluating, selecting and deploying learning management systems. A section highlighting the possible advantages and disadvantages of selecting a commercial versus an open source system is followed by a series of brief profiles of the leading vendors of commercial and open source learning management systems.

scholarly journals Complications of Self-Injected Facial Fillers: A Treatment Conundrum in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jessica Blanchard ◽  
Julia Palmer ◽  
Enamul Ali ◽  
Leo Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Oral Ulceration ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Surgical Unit ◽  
Filler Complications

There has been a rise in nonsurgical cosmetic procedures seen within the UK population in the past decade. A change in legislation has placed restrictions on the distribution and provision of such treatments. Therefore, patients may seek alternative methods to bring about a change to their appearance, such as self-injection of a filler. Complications may include oral ulceration, foreign body tissue reaction, and infection due to a lack in sterility during injection. Such presentations may mimic that of oral cancer and can lead to misdiagnoses and undue cost to the National Health Service. This case highlights the common features leading to correct identification of patients self-injecting with facial fillers and discusses the controversy surrounding the economic aspects of their care. We would like to report one such case presenting to our oral and maxillofacial surgical unit.

scholarly journals TOWARDS NEW TRADITIONAL URBAN FABRICS Learning from London

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Gallarati
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Web

Today’s towns, as often represented on the web and media, seem almost the same, flattened out on the American model. But European towns still preserve their individuality: if we look at aerial views, for instance, we can see that just little sections are enough to make it impossible to confuse them. And it is not because of some single building or monument. Each of these towns has its own character due to the very nature of its urban fabric. Furthermore, every town is made of several different urban fabrics, each one with its own specific character, which distinguishes it from the others: nevertheless all of them appear as different aspects of the same reality. Which are the common features connecting such apparently different realities? And how can we learn from the past in order to obtain a more liveable built environment, in coherence with the traditional town and without interrupting but even promoting its further development?

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR OF 1936 AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF 1993

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Akimova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common

The evolution of legislative thought, the study of the stages of development of the USSR, and later Russia, is impossible without knowing the stages of evolution of legislative thought in the past. It is necessary to understand what tremendous work was done to create and adopt the Constitution of 1993. The purpose of this article was to highlight the common features and differences between the norms of the Constitution of the USSR in 1936 and the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.

scholarly journals صكوك المضاربة والمرابحة المختلطة: دراسة فقهية تأصيلية تحليلية (Mudharaba and Murabaha Mixed Sukuk: A Fiqhi Structural Analysis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
أحمد محمد المختار ◽  
عزنان حسن
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Business Outcome

سوق الصكوك أحد أهم مكونات سوق رأس المال الإسلامي لما تقدمه الصكوك من مزايا إدارة السيولة وتنويع المخاطر وإدارة الأصول. هذه الأغراض التي يحققها إصدار الصكوك وتداولها تؤدي في كثير من الأحيان إلى حدوث إشكالات شرعية في هيكلة الصكوك ووثائقها. أحد هذه الهياكل هيكل شاع استخدامه في العقد الأخير في أسواق الصكوك الرئيسية، لما يحققه من جواز التداول وضمان رأس المال، وهو هيكل الجمع بين المرابحة والمضاربة. تقوم هذه الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي عبر تحرير المسائل الفقهية التي تناولت الجمع بين العقود من أمهات الكتب الفقهية المعتمدة في المذاهب الأربعة، فتذكر كل مسألة بصورها وأحكامها ومناطاتها. ثم يكون بعد ذلك تحليلٌ وصفي لأحد إصدارات الصكوك التي اعتمدت هذا الهيكل، فتدرس أهم خطوات الإصدار وأهم الشروط والأحكام في وثائقه. بعد ذلك يكون التخريج لصورة الإصدار المذكور على أصوله من المسائل الفقهية المذكورة سعيًا إلى الوصول إلى حكمه عن طريق تخريج الفروع على الأصول. خلصت الدراسة إلى أن لهذه الهيكلة صورًا متعددة بعضها يضمن رأس المال وبعضها يضمن رأس المال والربح معًا وإلى أن الصورتين ممنوعتان، لأن فيها جمعًا بين العقود يؤدي إلى إفساد عقد المضاربة وإلى الوصول إلى غرض محظور شرعاً وهو تضمين المضارب مع بعض المحاذير الشرعية الأخرى. ذكرت الدراسة بعد ذلك الضوابط الشرعية التي ينبغي الالتزام بها في هذه الحالة ثم اقترحت هيكلاً بديلاً يحقق غرض جواز التداول ويحفظ رأس المال قدر الإمكان. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: المرابحة، المضاربة، الجمع بين العقود، الصكوك. Abstract Sukuk market is one of the most important components of the Islamic capital market. Sukuk give issuers and investors certain advantages as a liquidity and asset management tool. These advantages sought after by investors and issuers may result in some Shari’ah issues in the structure and exchange of sukuk certificates. One of the structures that gained popularity in the last decade is a structure that combines Mudharaba and Murabaha because it provides certain advantages like tradability and the guarantee of capital. This study utilizes a descriptive analysis method to identify the cases of contract combination in major past juristic references to deduce the rulings adopted by past jurists. After that, the paper analyses current sukuk issuances to find the common features between these issuances and the cases mentioned by past jurists to see the applicability of the past ruling to the current situation in a form of Takhrij Alfuroo’ ‘Ala Alusool. The paper concludes that these structures come in many forms; some guarantee the capital, and some guarantee the capital and the return. Both forms are prohibited because the combination results in the vitiation of Mudaraba contract as it invariably leads to a prohibited objective of making the Mudarib liable for any financial loss regardless of the business outcome in addition to other Shari’ah issues. The study then derived some Shari’ah parameters for this structure to be permissible and suggests a structure that fulfills the intended objectives of issuers and avoids Shari’ah issues as much as possible. Keywords: Murabaha, Mudarabah, Combinaiton of contracts, Sukuk.

Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Ciuciura
Keyword(s):  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
Small Parts ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Provincial Politics ◽  
Grand Duchy

The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.

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