scholarly journals Auditory Disturbances and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Brain Inflammation or Cochlear Affection? Systematic Review and Discussion of Potential Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro De Luca ◽  
Alfonso Scarpa ◽  
Massimo Ralli ◽  
Domenico Tassone ◽  
Matteo Simone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Auditory Pathways ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Impairment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Origin

Patients affected by COVID-19 present a series of different symptoms; despite some of these are common, other less likely appear. Auditory symptoms seem to be less frequent, maybe because rarer or, alternatively, because they are underestimated during the clinical investigation. The hearing impairment might be related to the central or peripheral involvement of the auditory pathways; in particular, the likelihood of thrombosis might be one of the causes. To date, the prevalence of auditory symptoms such as sudden or progressive sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus is unclear in COVID-19 patients. However, their presence might be an early sign of thrombosis or spread of the infection into the brain. In this systematic review of the literature we investigated the presence of auditory symptoms in COVID-19 patients and discussed their potential origin and causal relationship with SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that, despite rarely, auditory impairment can appear in patients with COVID-19 and should always be investigated for an early treatment and potential indicator of involvement of the central nervous system.

Fatal Parasitic Meningoencephalomyelitis Caused By Halicephalobus deletrix: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-629
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Ondrejka ◽  
Gary W. Procop ◽  
Keith K. Lai ◽  
Richard A. Prayson
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Case ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Granulomatous Vasculitis ◽  
Helminthic Infection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Infection with the saprophagous nematode Halicephalobus species is uncommon but has been reported in horses worldwide. Only 3 human cases have been previously described, all of which have been fatal. We report a fourth fatal case, which occurred in a 39-year-old woman who presented with meningeal signs, altered mental status, and a prodromal pruritic rash. Diagnostic evaluation included an open brain biopsy, which was diagnosed as granulomatous vasculitis. The patient subsequently died after a course of steroids and cyclophosphamide. At autopsy, a robust perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltration of the brain parenchyma, meninges, and ventricular system was present with larval forms and mature nematodes morphologically consistent with Halicephalobus deletrix. Although extremely rare, this organism needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of human helminthic infection of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals RANK/RANKL/OPG Signaling in the Brain: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Glasnović ◽  
Niall O'Mara ◽  
Nataša Kovačić ◽  
Danka Grčević ◽  
Srećko Gajović
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Brain

Abstract P742: Nanoparticles Targeting the Inflammatory Network in Acute Neurovascular Inflammation: Lungs to Brain Axis

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Armando Marcos-Contreras ◽  
Patrick M Glassman ◽  
Jia Nong ◽  
Landis Walsh ◽  
Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Edema ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Cerebral Vasculature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Complete Blood Counts ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Interesting Alternative

After acute ischemic stroke, the cerebral vasculature is known to become more permeable to circulating leukocytes (WBC). Several laboratories attempted to use this for co-opting WBC do deliver into the central nervous system drugs and nanoparticle (NP) loaded into WBC ex vivo or in the peritoneal cavity. In theory, intravascular loading WBC may provide an interesting alternative. We hypothesize: i) direct in vivo targeting of WBC accessible to NP in the bloodstream (mainly pulmonary intravascular monocytes and marginated neutrophils in lungs), followed by carrier WBC migration to the brain will allow NP delivery to the brain and, ii) that targeted NP against WBC would be a relevant in treatment of acute brain inflammation. In fact, intravenous injection of ICAM-targeted NP 2h after the injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the brain initially showed a low uptake of the carrier in the brain that increased with time, as shown by radiotracing (5 times increase) and intravital microscopy of the brain. However, ICAM targeted NP were rapidly accumulated in the lungs and declined with time. Complete blood counts and flow cytometry revealed: i) an increase in circulating WBC counts following injury, ii) >60% of the ICAM-targeted NP were uptaken by WBC in the lungs, iii) ICAM targeted NP were almost exclusively in WBC in the brain (>98%; panel A shows the cellular distribution). Finally, we observed that the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone reduces brain edema only when encapsulated in ICAM-targeted nanoparticles (panel B). In conclusion, ICAM targeted NP: i) can be taken up by WBC, ii) migrate to the inflamed brain and iii) can reduce brain edema when encapsulating dexamethasone.

scholarly journals SURG-08. GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR WITH INTRACRANIAL METASTASIS: CASE REPORT AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i32-i32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akash Patel
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Patient Case ◽  
Intracranial Metastasis ◽  
Stromal Tumors ◽  
Metastatic Gist ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND: Intracranial metastasis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) is rare but presents unique treatment challenges. We present a case of intracranial metastasis of GIST with a systematic review of the literature regarding this rare clinical scenario. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify cases of intradural GIST metastases to the brain. Additionally, a patient case of GIST is discussed. RESULTS: Out of the 18 articles included for analysis in this review and our present case, fifteen of nineteen patients were male, and mean age was 58 years old (range 15–80 years, median 60 years). The primary site of the GIST along with site of intraperitoneal metastasis was variable. There was a large predilection for brain metastasis to the cerebrum with only one to infratentorial elements. The tumors in seven of the cases involved the dura, and there was one case with metastasis to the pituitary. Eight patients died following treatment of their intracranial disease. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery remains the mainstay of intracranial metastatic GIST, however there are many reports of good responses to radiation or chemotherapy alone. More investigation is required to determine the best course of treatment for patients with this unusual sequela of GIST.

scholarly journals Exposure to lead in the pre- and neonatal periods may result in brain inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Chibowska ◽  
Dariusz Chlubek ◽  
Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

One of the proinflammatory agents in the human body is lead (Pb), which can enter the blood through the skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract, causing poisoning. Its most significant target is the central nervous system (CNS). Although studies on Pb neurotoxicity have been conducted for many years, the proinflammatory effect of Pb on the brain is rarely reported in contrast to other human tissues and organs. Lead neurotoxicity has been defined as a significant paediatric health problem as the foetal stage is a very susceptible period for Pb exposure at whole blood levels below 10 µg/dL (Pb neurotoxicity threshold in children). However, the mechanisms of the neurotoxic action of Pb in causing brain defects remain unclear. In this review we discuss the role of the blood-brain barrier in the neurotoxicity of Pb, and the role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators (specially interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, nuclear transcription factor κB, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor β. We also discuss the influence of pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb on inflammatory reactions in the brain.

scholarly journals Caffeine Consumption in Children: Innocuous or Deleterious? A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2489
Author(s):  
Yeyetzi C. Torres-Ugalde ◽  
Angélica Romero-Palencia ◽  
Alma D. Román-Gutiérrez ◽  
Deyanira Ojeda-Ramírez ◽  
Rebeca M. E. Guzmán-Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Energy

Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial. Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to recognize changes produced by caffeine in children under 12 years of age and to identify the relevant alterations and the conditions of their occurrence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out using PRISMA. Initially, 5468 articles were found from the EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics databases. In this review, were retained 24 published articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that caffeine consumption hampers children’s growth and development. In contrast, it supports the activation of the central nervous system and brain energy management.

scholarly journals Gliosarcomas: A Rare Case Report at Viet Duc University Hospital and Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Quynh ◽  
Nguyen Duc Hoan ◽  
Dao Thi Luan ◽  
Nguyen Tung Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Sy Lanh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Gliosarcoma is a rare biphasic subtype of glioblastoma with the poor prognosis, principally affects adults; males are more frequently affected, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.8/1. Gliosarcomas are usually located in the cerebral hemispheres, involving the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes in decreasing order of frequency. Rarely, gliosarcomas occur in the posterior fossa, lateral ventricles, or spinal cord. A case study: A 32-year-old woman presented with persistent nausea and headache. The preoperative diagnosis was Ependymoma in the right lateral ventricle of the brain. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor followed by external radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment. Histologic description: The tumor was made up of spindle cells with hyperchromic large nuclei and pink cytoplasm intermingled with large cells with markedly pleomorphic nuclei and abundant cytoplasm along with prominent mitotic activity. Tumour cells revealed positive staining for Ki67 (25%), Oligo2 (focal), GFAP (focal), SMA (focal); negative immunoreactivity for EMA, CD34, Bcl-2, TTF1. Pathological diagnosis: Gliosarcoma, grade IV. Conclusions: Gliosarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm with an aggressive biological behavior. In terms of histopathology, gliosarcomas are characterized by a biphasic tissue pattern with alternating areas displaying glial and mesenchymal differentiation.   Keywords Gliosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, brain neoplasm. References [1] World Healh Organization, WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, 2016. [2] F. A. Hashmi, A. Salim, M. Shamim, M. Bari, Biological Characteristics and Outcomes of Gliosarcoma, The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, Vol. 68, No. 8, 2018, pp. 1273-1275. [3] P. Giglio, M. R. Gilbert, Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), MA: Academic Press/Elsevier, Waltham, 2014. [4] R. K. Kevin, M. Anand, S. M. John, Adult Gliosarcoma: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Factors Associated with Outcome, Neuro Oncol, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2009, pp. 183-191, https://doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2008-076. [5] L. Han, X. Zhang, S. Qiu et al., Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Primary Cerebral Gliosarcoma: A Report of 15 Cases, Acta Radiologica, Vol. 49, No.9, 2008, pp. 1058-1067, doi:10.1080/02841850802314796. [6] D. N. Louis, H. Ohgaki, O. D. Wiestler et al., The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 114, No. 2, 2007, pp. 97-109, doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0278-6. [7] L. Seth, P. Arie, I. James et al., Greenfield’s Neuropathology (Ninth Edition), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2015. [8] L. Cervoni, P. Celli, Cerebral Gliosarcoma: Prognostic Factors, Neurosurgical Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 93-96, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00418077. [9] J. Pardo, M. Murcia, G. Felip et al., Gliosarcoma: A Rare Primary CNS Tumor. Presentation of Two Cases, Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2010, pp. 98-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2010.05.003. [10] J. Lutterbach, R. Guttenberger, A. Pagenstecher, Gliosarcoma: A Clinical Study, Radiotherapy andOncology, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2001, pp. 57-64,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8140(01)00415-7. [11] B. K. Kleinschmidt, T. Tihan, F. Rodriguez, Diagnostic Pathology: Neuropathology (Second Edition), Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2016. [12] H. F. Irwin, W. G. Sidney, Sarcoma Arising in Glioblastoma of the Brain, Am J Pathol, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1955, pp. 633-653. [13] A. S. Awadalla, A. M. A. Essa, H. H. A. Ahmadi et al., Gliosarcoma Case Report and Review of the Literature, The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 26, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3109/02841869709001353.        

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