scholarly journals Preoptic Area Modulation of Arousal in Natural and Drug Induced Unconscious States

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Reitz ◽  
Max B. Kelz
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Arousal State ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Hypothalamic Preoptic Area

The role of the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) in arousal state regulation has been studied since Constantin von Economo first recognized its importance in the early twentieth century. Over the intervening decades, the POA has been shown to modulate arousal in both natural (sleep and wake) as well as drug-induced (anesthetic-induced unconsciousness) states. While the POA is well known for its role in sleep promotion, populations of wake-promoting neurons within the region have also been identified. However, the complexity and molecular heterogeneity of the POA has made distinguishing these two populations difficult. Though multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that general anesthetics modulate the activity of the POA, the region’s heterogeneity has also made it challenging to determine whether the same neurons involved in sleep/wake regulation also modulate arousal in response to general anesthetics. While a number of studies show that sleep-promoting POA neurons are activated by various anesthetics, recent work suggests this is not universal to all arousal-regulating POA neurons. Technical innovations are making it increasingly possible to classify and distinguish the molecular identities of neurons involved in sleep/wake regulation as well as anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Here, we review the current understanding of the POA’s role in arousal state regulation of both natural and drug-induced forms of unconsciousness, including its molecular organization and connectivity to other known sleep and wake promoting regions. Further insights into the molecular identities and connectivity of arousal-regulating POA neurons will be critical in fully understanding how this complex region regulates arousal states.

Thermoregulation in the rabbit following intracranial injection of norepinephrine

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (3) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Preston
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Intraventricular Injection ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Conscious Rabbits ◽  
Hypothalamic Preoptic Area ◽  
A Site

The release of norepinephrine (NE) from nerve terminals in the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AH/POA) of the rabbit may serve to raise body temperature. To further examine the putative neurotransmitter role of NE, bilateral microinjections of 5 or 10 mug NE were made into or near the AH/POA of 44 conscious rabbits exposed to an ambient temperature of 15 degrees C. Microinjections into the AH/POS did not cause fever; they either had no influence on thermoregulation or rapidly induced ear vasocilation and increased ear temperature accompanied by slight falls in rectal temperature. The latter averaged 0.32 degrees C (range: 0.16-0.45 degrees C) in 18 rabbits in which the effects were prominent. In contrast, the injection of 100 or 250 mug NE into the lateral cerebral ventricles of conscious rabbits in the 15 degrees C environment caused mean fevers of 0.62 +/- 0.0, and 1.04 +/- 0.14 degrees C (+/- SE, n equals 6), respectively, within 70 min. The febrile response to intraventricular injection of NE may be due to an action of the drug at a site other than the AH/POA. Alternatively, the response may depend critically on the particular distribution of NE that results from its diffusion from the third ventricle into the AH/POA.

STATE REGULATION OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-47
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Nikolayevna Akimova ◽  
Alla Vasilievna Lysachok
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Insurance Contracts ◽  
State Pension

The essence of such concepts is “financial service”, “financial ser- vices market”, and “participants of the financial services market”; determined the purpose of state regulation of the financial services market; forms of state regu- lation of the financial services market; financial services that are present in the financial services market; the structure of state regulation bodies of the financial services market in Ukraine is given; The role of state bodies in the regulation of the financial services market was studied; to characterize the regulatory le- gal regulation of the financial services market in Ukraine; the main problems of functioning of the domestic market of financial services are revealed; ways to solve existing problems. It is grounded that the state regulation of financial ser- vices markets consists in the state’s implementation of a set of measures aimed at regulating and overseeing financial services markets to protect the interests of financial services consumers and preventing crisis phenomena. It is concluded that the financial services market is an important element of the development of the economy as a whole, in particular, it concerns not only the state but also society. We must understand that when this market is settled, that is, all bodies that carry out state regulation are competent in their powers, only then will we make informed, effective decisions about the normal and effective functioning of the RFP. It is important that the data of the subjects of control do not overlap, their activities should be fixed at the legislative level. It is also worth bearing in mind that appropriate conditions must be created to create compensatory mecha- nisms in the financial services markets by developing a system for guarante- eing deposits and providing for payments under long-term life insurance contracts, non-state pension provisions, deposits with deposit accounts to credit unions, etс.

scholarly journals Acute interstitial nephritis and drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus due to chlorthalidone and amiodarone: A case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2091002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umut Selamet ◽  
Ramy M Hanna ◽  
Anthony Sisk ◽  
Lama Abdelnour ◽  
Lena Ghobry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Kidney Biopsy ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Acute Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Systemic Manifestations

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus has features distinct from primary systemic lupus erythematosus. It can occur with a wide variety of agents that result in the generation of anti-histone or other types of antibodies. Systemic manifestations of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus may include renal dysfunction due to circulating immune complexes or due to other immune reactions to the culprit medication(s). Acute interstitial nephritis occurs due to DNA–drug or protein–drug complexes that trigger an allergic immune response. We report a patient who developed acute kidney injury, rash, and drug-induced systemic lupus diagnosed by serologies after starting chlorthalidone and amiodarone. A renal biopsy showed acute interstitial nephritis and not lupus-induced glomerulonephritis. It is important to note that systemic lupus erythematosus and acute interstitial nephritis can occur together, and this report highlights the role of the kidney biopsy in ascertaining the pathological diagnosis and outlining therapy in drug-induced lupus erythematosus.

scholarly journals Interactions between an Associative Amphiphilic Block Polyelectrolyte and Surfactants in Water: Effect of Charge Type on Solution Properties and Aggregation

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1729
Author(s):  
Patrizio Raffa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Solution Rheology ◽  
Interesting Class ◽  
First Time

The study of interactions between polyelectrolytes (PE) and surfactants is of great interest for both fundamental and applied research. These mixtures can represent, for example, models of self-assembly and molecular organization in biological systems, but they are also relevant in industrial applications. Amphiphilic block polyelectrolytes represent an interesting class of PE, but their interactions with surfactants have not been extensively explored so far, most studies being restricted to non-associating PE. In this work, interactions between an anionic amphiphilic triblock polyelectrolyte and different types of surfactants bearing respectively negative, positive and no charge, are investigated via surface tension and solution rheology measurements for the first time. It is evidenced that the surfactants have different effects on viscosity and surface tension, depending on their charge type. Micellization of the surfactant is affected by the presence of the polymer in all cases; shear viscosity of polymer solutions decreases in presence of the same charge or nonionic surfactants, while the opposite charge surfactant causes precipitation. This study highlights the importance of the charge type, and the role of the associating hydrophobic block in the PE structure, on the solution behavior of the mixtures. Moreover, a possible interaction model is proposed, based on the obtained data.

scholarly journals Elucidating the role of Cavin1 in drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
Z. Al Sayed ◽  
C. Pereira ◽  
C. Jouve ◽  
J. Hulot
Keyword(s):  
Long Qt Syndrome ◽  
Long Qt ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Qt Syndrome

scholarly journals A Scientometric Approach to Review the Role of the Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) in Parental Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Alessandro Carollo ◽  
Jan Paolo Macapinlac Balagtas ◽  
Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Medial Preoptic Area ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Parental Behaviour ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Relationship

Research investigating the neural substrates underpinning parental behaviour has recently gained momentum. Particularly, the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (MPOA) has been identified as a crucial region for parenting. The current study conducted a scientometric analysis of publications from 1 January 1972 to 19 January 2021 using CiteSpace software to determine trends in the scientific literature exploring the relationship between MPOA and parental behaviour. In total, 677 scientific papers were analysed, producing a network of 1509 nodes and 5498 links. Four major clusters were identified: “C-Fos Expression”, “Lactating Rat”, “Medial Preoptic Area Interaction” and “Parental Behavior”. Their content suggests an initial trend in which the properties of the MPOA in response to parental behavior were studied, followed by a growing attention towards the presence of a brain network, including the reward circuits, regulating such behavior. Furthermore, while attention was initially directed uniquely to maternal behavior, it has recently been extended to the understanding of paternal behaviors as well. Finally, although the majority of the studies were conducted on rodents, recent publications broaden the implications of previous documents to human parental behavior, giving insight into the mechanisms underlying postpartum depression. Potential directions in future works were also discussed.

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