scholarly journals Action Mode of Gut Motility, Fluid and Electrolyte Transport in Chronic Constipation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Yan-Yan Chen ◽  
Ding-Qiao Xu ◽  
Shi-Jun Yue ◽  
Rui-Jia Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Electrolyte Transport ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Clinic Management ◽  
Action Mode

Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder, with a worldwide incidence of 14–30%. It negatively affects quality of life and is associated with a considerable economic burden. As a disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of chronic constipation. The purpose of this review is to discuss latest findings on the roles of gut motility, fluid, and electrolyte transport that contribute to chronic constipation, and the main drugs available for treating patients. We conducted searches on PubMed and Google Scholar up to 9 February 2021. MeSH keywords “constipation”, “gastrointestinal motility”, “peristalsis”, “electrolytes”, “fluid”, “aquaporins”, and “medicine” were included. The reference lists of searched articles were reviewed to identify further eligible articles. Studies focusing on opioid-induced constipation, evaluation, and clinic management of constipation were excluded. The occurrence of constipation is inherently connected to disorders of gut motility as well as fluid and electrolyte transport, which involve the nervous system, endocrine signaling, the gastrointestinal microbiota, ion channels, and aquaporins. The mechanisms of action and application of the main drugs are summarized; a better understanding of ion channels and aquaporins may be helpful for new drug development. This review aims to provide a scientific basis that can guide future research on the etiology and treatment of constipation.

Effects of Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases on Ion Channels in Excitable Membranes

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Herzig ◽  
Joachim Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatases ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Phosphatase Inhibitors ◽  
Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors

This review deals with the influence of serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases on the function of ion channels in the plasma membrane of excitable tissues. Particular focus is given to developments of the past decade. Most of the electrophysiological experiments have been performed with protein phosphatase inhibitors. Therefore, a synopsis is required incorporating issues from biochemistry, pharmacology, and electrophysiology. First, we summarize the structural and biochemical properties of protein phosphatase (types 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3–7) catalytic subunits and their regulatory subunits. Then the available pharmacological tools (protein inhibitors, nonprotein inhibitors, and activators) are introduced. The use of these inhibitors is discussed based on their biochemical selectivity and a number of methodological caveats. The next section reviews the effects of these tools on various classes of ion channels (i.e., voltage-gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels, various K+ channels, ligand-gated channels, and anion channels). We delineate in which cases a direct interaction between a protein phosphatase and a given channel has been proven and where a more complex regulation is likely involved. Finally, we present ideas for future research and possible pathophysiological implications.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (8) ◽  
pp. G529-G541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehuda Ringel ◽  
Nitsan Maharshak
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain

The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is believed to involve alterations in the brain-gut axis; however, the etiological triggers and mechanisms by which these changes lead to symptoms of IBS remain poorly understood. Although IBS is often considered a condition without an identified “organic” etiology, emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota and altered immune function may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. These recent data suggest a plausible model in which changes in the intestinal microbiota and activation of the enteric immune system may impinge upon the brain-gut axis, causing the alterations in gastrointestinal function and the clinical symptoms observed in patients with IBS. This review summarizes the current evidence for altered intestinal microbiota and immune function in IBS. It discusses the potential etiological role of these factors, suggests an updated conceptual model for the pathogenesis of the disorder, and identifies areas for future research.

scholarly journals Chronic Constipation: Current Treatment Options

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (suppl b) ◽  
pp. 22B-28B ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Wing Cheong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Bulking Agents ◽  
Quality Of Evidence

Chronic constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects patients of all ages. In 2007, a consensus group of 10 Canadian gastroenterologists developed a set of recommendations pertaining to the management of chronic constipation and constipation-dominant irritable bowel syndrome. Since then, tegaserod has been withdrawn from the Canadian market. A new, highly selective serotonin receptor subtype 4 agonist, prucalopride, has been examined in several large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the management of patients with chronic constipation. Additional studies evaluating the use of stimulant laxatives, polyethylene glycol and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation have also been published. The present review summarizes the previous recommendations and new evidence supporting different treatment modalities – namely, diet and lifestyle, bulking agents, stool softeners, osmotic and stimulant laxatives, prucalopride and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation. A brief summary of lubiprostone and linaclotide is also presented. The quality of evidence is presented by adopting the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Finally, a management pyramid for patients with chronic constipation is proposed based on the quality of evidence, impact of each modality on constipation and on general health, and their availabilities in Canada.

scholarly journals Chronic Constipation: Current Treatment Options

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (suppl b) ◽  
pp. 22B-28B ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Wing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Bulking Agents ◽  
Quality Of Evidence

Chronic constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects patients of all ages. In 2007, a consensus group of 10 Canadian gastroenterologists developed a set of recommendations pertaining to the management of chronic constipation and constipationdominant irritable bowel syndrome. Since then, tegaserod has been withdrawn from the Canadian market. A new, highly selective serotonin receptor subtype 4 agonist, prucalopride, has been examined in several large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the management of patients with chronic constipation. Additional studies evaluating the use of stimulant laxatives, polyethylene glycol and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation have also been published. The present review summarizes the previous recommendations and new evidence supporting different treatment modalities – namely, diet and lifestyle, bulking agents, stool softeners, osmotic and stimulant laxatives, prucalopride and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation. A brief summary of lubiprostone and linaclotide is also presented. The quality of evidence is presented by adopting the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Finally, a management pyramid for patients with chronic constipation is proposed based on the quality of evidence, impact of each modality on constipation and on general health, and their availabilities in Canada.

scholarly journals Impact of Diverse Ion Channels on Regulatory T Cell Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (S3) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Treg Number ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
And Function

The population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critical for immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Proper ion regulation contributes to Treg lineage identity, regulation, and effector function. Identified ion channels include Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+, transient receptor potential, P2X, volume-regulated anion and K+ channels Kv1.3 and KCa3.1. Ion channel modulation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This review summarizes studies with gene-targeted mice and pharmacological modulators affecting Treg number and function. Furthermore, participation of ion channels is illustrated and the power of future research possibilities is discussed.

scholarly journals Micro plastics in soil ecosystem – A review of sources, fate, and ecological impact

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieru Yu ◽  
Samuel Adingo ◽  
Liu Xuelu ◽  
Xiaodan Li ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Soil Ecosystem

In recent years, environmental experts and stakeholders have paid increased attention to the pollution of micro plastics in the soil. As persistent pollutants, micro plastics have a significant impact on the soil ecology, agricultural production, and the overall health of the ecological environment. Micro plastics can influence soil bio-physicochemical properties and the mobility of other contaminants in soil, with potentially significant implications on soil ecosystem functionality. Thus, functions including litter decomposition, soil aggregation or those related to nutrient cycling can be altered. Furthermore, micro plastics can influence soil biota at different trophic levels, and even threaten human health through food chains. Despite this potential negative interaction, there is limited research on micro plastics in the soil environment. The primary goals of this review are to summarise the sources, distribution characteristics, migration and degradation laws of micro plastics in the soil ecosystem, to summarise the combined effects of micro plastics and other pollutants in the soil ecosystem, to analyse the effects of micro plastics on soil physical and chemical properties, animals, plants, and microorganisms, and to reveal the effects of micro plastics on soil ecosystem and to according to the distribution characteristics of soil micro plastics, degradation, migration and ecological effects, propose pollution control measures. This current review will provide a comprehensive understanding of soil pollution by micro plastic and offer a scientific basis for the formulation of novel management practices that will protect and improve soils, and contribute to the sustainable development of the ecological environment and highlight important areas for future research.  

scholarly journals A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius J. van Rooij ◽  
Christopher J. Ferguson ◽  
Michelle Colder Carras ◽  
Daniel Kardefelt-Winther ◽  
Jing Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
The Subject

We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the ten commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming in particular versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

Therapeutic Effects of Prebiotics on Constipation: A Schematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maliha Naseer ◽  
Shiva Poola ◽  
Suleyman Uraz ◽  
Veysel Tahan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Idiopathic Constipation ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Chronic Idiopathic Constipation ◽  
Cognitive Therapies

Constipation is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder that may significantly affect the quality of life and health care costs. Treatment for constipation has been broadly reviewed by cognitive therapies, medications, and surgical interventions. Gut microbiota such as Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Bacteroidetes, and Lactobacilli have been demonstrated in functional gastrointestinal disorders and prebiotics to play a role in augmenting their presence. Prebiotics are ingredients in foods that remain undigested, stimulating the bacteria. There are a variety of prebiotics; however, there exists only a handful of studies that describe their efficacy for chronic constipation. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature on the utility of different commercially available prebiotics in patients with functional and chronic idiopathic constipation. To fulfil the objectives of the study, published articles in the English language on databases such as Pubmed, Ovid Medline, and EMBASE were searched. The terms prebiotics, constipation, chronic constipation, functional constipation were used. We reviewed and included 21 randomized controlled trials exploring the role of prebiotics in constipated adults. Prebiotics are effective treatments for chronic idiopathic constipation and showed improvement in the stool consistency, number of bowel moments and bloating. Although which prebiotic formulary would promote improved symptoms of constipation is still not clear.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) food Choice research programmes and to the report of the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
Vivien Lund ◽  
Lynn Stockley ◽  
Louis Levy
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Physical Barriers

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) Food Acceptability & Choice and Food Choice Inequalities research programmes and the context for the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006.ResultsThe aims of the FSA's food choice research programmes are to identify the social, psychological and physical barriers to achieving a healthier diet and how they might be addressed. Results of the research provide the scientific basis for some FSA advice on healthy eating. An important element of both programmes is the output of practical tools and resources that can be used by health professionals, nutritionists, teachers and others to encourage people to eat a healthy diet. The FSA held a seminar in July 2006 in order to identify the specific and general learning points from three peer-led intervention studies and to discuss how these could best be communicated to various audiences, including practitioners, researchers and policy-makers.ConclusionsThe seminar provided a useful forum for discussion. The FSA will ensure that lessons learned from these peer-led intervention studies are taken account of in the planning, appraisal and management of future research projects, in the communication of project results and in the dissemination of resources.

Molecular Physiology of Cardiac Repolarization

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne M. Nerbonne ◽  
Robert S. Kass
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiac Repolarization ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Cardiac Ion Channels ◽  
Α Subunits

The heart is a rhythmic electromechanical pump, the functioning of which depends on action potential generation and propagation, followed by relaxation and a period of refractoriness until the next impulse is generated. Myocardial action potentials reflect the sequential activation and inactivation of inward (Na+ and Ca2+) and outward (K+) current carrying ion channels. In different regions of the heart, action potential waveforms are distinct, owing to differences in Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channel expression, and these differences contribute to the normal, unidirectional propagation of activity and to the generation of normal cardiac rhythms. Changes in channel functioning, resulting from inherited or acquired disease, affect action potential repolarization and can lead to the generation of life-threatening arrhythmias. There is, therefore, considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms that control cardiac repolarization and rhythm generation. Electrophysiological studies have detailed the properties of the Na+, Ca2+, and K+ currents that generate cardiac action potentials, and molecular cloning has revealed a large number of pore forming (α) and accessory (β, δ, and γ) subunits thought to contribute to the formation of these channels. Considerable progress has been made in defining the functional roles of the various channels and in identifying the α-subunits encoding these channels. Much less is known, however, about the functioning of channel accessory subunits and/or posttranslational processing of the channel proteins. It has also become clear that cardiac ion channels function as components of macromolecular complexes, comprising the α-subunits, one or more accessory subunit, and a variety of other regulatory proteins. In addition, these macromolecular channel protein complexes appear to interact with the actin cytoskeleton and/or the extracellular matrix, suggesting important functional links between channel complexes, as well as between cardiac structure and electrical functioning. Important areas of future research will be the identification of (all of) the molecular components of functional cardiac ion channels and delineation of the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the expression and the functioning of these channels in the normal and the diseased myocardium.

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