scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Development and Nutrition Contents of the Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Kexin Zhang ◽  
Qiangyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Lipid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Green Pea

It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 level will be doubled by the end of this century. Here, we investigate the impacts of elevated CO2 (550 and 750 μL/L) on the development and nutrition status of the green pea aphid for six generations, which is longer than previous studies. All seven examined physiological parameters were not affected over six generations under the ambient CO2 level (380 μL/L). However, the elevated CO2 levels (550 and 750 μL/L) prolonged nymph duration, decreased adult longevity, female fecundity and protein content, and increased the contents of total lipid, soluble sugar and glycogen. There was a significant interaction between the effect of CO2 levels and the effect of generations on nymph duration, female fecundity and adult longevity. The elevated CO2 had immediate effects on the female fecundity and the contents of total protein, total lipid and soluble sugar, starting within F0 generation. The adult longevity decreased, and the glycogen content increased from the F1 generation. However, the significant effect on the nymph development was only observed after three generations. Our study indicates that the elevated CO2 levels first influence the reproduction, the nutrition and the energy supply, then initiate aphid emergency responses by shortening lifespan and increasing glucose metabolism, and finally result in the slow development under further persistent elevated CO2 conditions after three generations, possibly leading to population decline under elevated CO2 conditions. Our results will guide further field experiments under climate change conditions to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 on the development of the pea aphids and other insects, and to predict the population dynamics of the green pea aphid.

CONTROL OF APHID DENSITY BY A COMPLEX OF PREDATORS

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 1035-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Frazer ◽  
N. Gilbert ◽  
V. Nealis ◽  
D. A. Raworth
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Aphid Density ◽  
The Difference

AbstractA series of field experiments using large field cages were used to evaluate the role of aphidophagous predators on the population dynamics of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. The pea aphid numbers increased rapidly in the cages to as much as 5 times the density in the adjacent fields. The difference between densities in the cage and field decreased as the season progressed. No significant differences in fecundity of the aphids were found either in clip cages in the field and cages, or in the laboratory using field-collected aphids that were allowed to larviposit for 24 h. We used an earlier simulation model of the aphid to show that if fecundity alone were responsible it would have to be 3 times the maximum rate we have ever observed. The return of the aphid density to the field value when one cage was removed and the aggregation of predators show the importance of predator movements in limiting prey numbers.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

CORNICLE LENGTH AS A CRITERION FOR SEPARATING FIELD-COLLECTED NYMPHAL INSTARS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1615-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Hutchison ◽  
David B. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Field Sample ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
Multimodal Analysis

AbstractCornicle length measuremetns of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) nymphs reared in the laboratory were instar-specific and unaffected by rearing temperature. A multimodal analysis of cornicle lengths of field-collected aphids clearly detected four distribution peaks (i.e., instars) in five different field populations, and there was generaaly little overlap between successive instar distributions. However, third and fourth instars in the spring field sample could not be separated accurately due to the shorter cornicle length of nymphs that developed from overwintered eggs. Cornicle length proved to be a useful criterion for separating virginoparous A. pisum instars in samples collected in southern Wisconsin.

scholarly journals The Phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) Is a Pathogen of the Pea Aphid

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1956-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Grenier ◽  
Gabrielle Duport ◽  
Sylvie Pagès ◽  
Guy Condemine ◽  
Yvan Rahbé
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Dickeya Dadantii ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium

ABSTRACT Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. The sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the Cyt family of insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. The pathogenicity of D. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either by septic injury or by oral infection. The lethal inoculum dose was calculated to be as low as 10 ingested bacterial cells. A D. dadantii mutant with the four cytotoxin genes deleted showed a reduced per os virulence for A. pisum, highlighting the potential role of at least one of these genes in pathogenicity. Since only one bacterial pathogen of aphids has been previously described (Erwinia aphidicola), other species from the same bacterial group were tested. The pathogenic trait for aphids was shown to be widespread, albeit variable, within the phytopathogens, with no link to phylogenetic positioning in the Enterobacteriaceae. Previously characterized gut symbionts from thrips (Erwinia/Pantoea group) were also highly pathogenic to the aphid, whereas the potent entomopathogen Photorhabdus luminescens was not. D. dadantii is not a generalist insect pathogen, since it has low pathogenicity for three other insect species (Drosophila melanogaster, Sitophilus oryzae, and Spodoptera littoralis). D. dadantii was one of the most virulent aphid pathogens in our screening, and it was active on most aphid instars, except for the first one, probably due to anatomical filtering. The observed difference in virulence toward apterous and winged aphids may have an ecological impact, and this deserves specific attention in future research.

scholarly journals A sex-linked locus controls wing polymorphism in males of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

Heredity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Caillaud ◽  
M Boutin ◽  
C Braendle ◽  
J-C Simon
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Wing Polymorphism

scholarly journals Aphid Heritable Symbiont Exploits Defensive Mutualism

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Doremus ◽  
Kerry M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Defensive Mutualism ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Hamiltonella Defensa ◽  
Alternative Routes

ABSTRACT Insects and other animals commonly form symbioses with heritable bacteria, which can exert large influences on host biology and ecology. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a model for studying effects of infection with heritable facultative symbionts (HFS), and each of its seven common HFS species has been reported to provide resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, one common HFS, called X-type, rarely occurs as a single infection in field populations and instead typically superinfects individual aphids with Hamiltonella defensa, another HFS that protects aphids against attack by parasitic wasps. Using experimental aphid lines comprised of all possible infection combinations in a uniform aphid genotype, we investigated whether the most common strain of X-type provides any of the established benefits associated with aphid HFS as a single infection or superinfection with H. defensa. We found that X-type does not confer protection to any tested threats, including parasitoid wasps, fungal pathogens, or thermal stress. Instead, component fitness assays identified large costs associated with X-type infection, costs which were ameliorated in superinfected aphids. Together these findings suggest that X-type exploits the aphid/H. defensa mutualism and is maintained primarily as a superinfection by “hitchhiking” via the mutualistic benefits provided by another HFS. Exploitative symbionts potentially restrict the functions and distributions of mutualistic symbioses with effects that extend to other community members. IMPORTANCE Maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts are widespread and can have major impacts on the biology of arthropods, including insects of medical and agricultural importance. Given that host fitness and symbiont fitness are tightly linked, inherited symbionts can spread within host populations by providing beneficial services. Many insects, however, are frequently infected with multiple heritable symbiont species, providing potential alternative routes of symbiont maintenance. Here we show that a common pea aphid symbiont called X-type likely employs an exploitative strategy of hitchhiking off the benefits of a protective symbiont, Hamiltonella. Infection with X-type provides none of the benefits conferred by other aphid symbionts and instead results in large fitness costs, costs lessened by superinfection with Hamiltonella. These findings are corroborated by natural infections in field populations, where X-type is mostly found superinfecting aphids with Hamiltonella. Exploitative symbionts may be common in hosts with communities of heritable symbionts and serve to hasten the breakdown of mutualisms.

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