scholarly journals Allometry Between Vegetative and Reproductive Traits in Orchids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Qiu Feng ◽  
Feng-Ping Zhang ◽  
Jia-Lin Huang ◽  
Hong Hu ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Inflorescence Length

In flowering plants, inflorescence characteristics influence both seed set and pollen contribution, while inflorescence and peduncle size can be correlated with biomass allocation to reproductive organs. Peduncles also play a role in water and nutrient supply of flowers, and mechanical support. However, it is currently unclear whether inflorescence size is correlated with peduncle size. Here, we tested whether orchids with large diameter peduncles bear more and larger flowers than those with smaller peduncles by analyzing 10 traits of inflorescence, flower, and leaf in 26 species. Peduncle diameters were positively correlated with inflorescence length and total floral area, indicating that species with larger peduncles tended to have larger inflorescences and larger flowers. We also found strongly positive correlation between inflorescence length and leaf area, and between total floral area and total leaf area, which suggested that reproductive organs may be allometrically coordinated with vegetative organs. However, neither flower number nor floral dry mass per unit area were correlated with leaf number or leaf dry mass per unit area, implying that the function between leaf and flower was uncoupled. Our findings provided a new insight for understanding the evolution of orchids, and for horticulturalists interested in improving floral and inflorescence traits in orchids.

scholarly journals Fall Transplanting Improves Establishment of Balled and Burlapped Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1143-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Patricia Knight ◽  
Jody Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Backfill Soil ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
Maximum Root

The effect of fall vs. spring transplanting was tested on landscape-sized Chionanthus virginicus L. at a research farm in Blacksburg, Va. Two fall transplanting dates (11 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1994) were selected so that soil temperatures were decreasing and near 10 °C for the earlier fall date (11 Nov.) and decreasing and near 5 °C for the later fall transplanting date (1 Dec.). The spring date (14 Mar. 1995) was selected so that soil temperatures were increasing and near 5 °C. All trees were transplanted with rootballs of native soil wrapped in burlap (B&B). Fringe tree was clearly tolerant of fall transplanting. Trees transplanted on 11 Nov. had a larger leaf area 1 month after bud set the next summer and had wider canopies and more dry mass of new roots at leaf drop than trees transplanted on the other dates. Trees transplanted on 14 Mar. had less total leaf area, leaf dry mass, and lower maximum root extension into the backfill soil than trees transplanted on 11 Nov. or 1 Dec. No root growth occurred beyond the original rootball until about early July (1 month after bud set) in any treatment, suggesting that first season posttransplant irrigation regimes need to focus on rootballs, not surrounding soil areas.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of two tropical weeds to shade: I. Growth and biomass allocation

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacyr Bernardino Dias-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Light ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultz (Convolvulaceae) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), two weeds found in pastures and crop areas in Brazilian Amazonia, were grown in controlled environment cabinets under high (800-1000 µmol m-² s-¹) and low (200-350 µmol m-² s-¹) light regimes during a 40-day period. For both species leaf dry mass and leaf area per total plant dry mass, and leaf area per leaf dry mass were higher for low-light plants, whereas root mass per total plant dry mass was higher for high-light plants. High-light S. cayennensis allocated significantly more biomass to reproductive tissue than low-light plants, suggesting a probably lower ability of this species to maintain itself under shaded conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR) in I. asarifolia was initially higher for high-light grown plants and after 20 days started decreasing, becoming similar to low-light plants at the last two harvests (at 30 and 40 days). In S. cayennensis, RGR was also higher for high-light plants; however, this trend was not significant at the first and last harvest dates (10 and 40 days). These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

scholarly journals FLAME RETARDANTS EFFECTS ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Schizolobium amazonicum HUBER EX DUCKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elen Silma Oliveira Cruz Ximenes ◽  
Andréa Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Josiane Fernandes Keffer ◽  
Alison Martins dos Anjos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Flame retardants are efficient in fighting wildfire; however, their environmental implications, especially regarding the vegetation, need to be clarified. This work aimed at assessing the effects of flame retardant on the initial growth of Schizolobium amazonicum. Treatments consisted in applying different flame retardant concentrations via substrate and leaf: Phos-Chek WD-881® (0, 3.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 mL L-1), Hold Fire® (0, 7.00, 9.00, 12.00 and 15.00 mL L-1) and water-retaining polymer Nutrigel® used as alternative retardant (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g L-1). Growth analyses were carried out to assess the effects of these substances (10 repetitions per treatment). The aliquot of 10.00 mL L-1 of Phos-Chek WD881 applied on the leaves led to an increase of 70% in leaf area and 15% in seedling height. The same Phos-Chek concentration favored height increase (32%) and total dry mass accumulation (33%) throughout time. The concentration of 15 mL L-1 of Hold Fire® applied on leaves, compromised 45% the accumulation of dry biomass in the seedling. Initially, 1.00 g L-1 of Nutrigel® applied via substrate led to an increase of 70% in leaf area, 29% in plant height, and 89% in leaf dry mass. Therefore, Phos-Chek applied on leaves favored shoot growth in S. amazonicum. Hold Fire® applied on leaves impaired biomass accumulation in seedlings. Nutrigel® applied on substrate does not cause long-lasting damage to the initial growth of S. amazonicum. The aliquot of 0.50 g L-1 administered via polymer leave had positive effect on seedling shoot.

scholarly journals Concentration and periods of application of prohexadione calcium in the growth of strawberry seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Farias Barreto ◽  
Leticia Vanni Ferreira ◽  
Savana Irribarem Costa ◽  
Andressa Vighi Schiavon ◽  
Tais Barbosa Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

For strawberry cultivation in Brazil, producers are dependent on imported seedlings. An alternative strategy to reduce this dependence is the use of seedlings obtained from nursery plants grown in a protected environment. However, as these seedlings are produced in the summer and planted at the end of this season or the spring of the following year, it is necessary to control growth to reduce the energy costs of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations and periods of application of proexadione calcium (ProCa) on growth control of strawberry seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with seedlings of the cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Camarosa’, produced by rooting stolons and kept in polystyrene trays of 72 cells in a substrate of carbonized rice husk. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (4 concentrations of ProCa: 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1 × 2 periods of application: at 20 and 30 days after the planting period of rooting stolon). Plant survival, crown diameter, petiole length, total leaf area, specific leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, and dry mass of the crown and shoot were evaluated. The application of ProCa at 20 days after the planting period of the rooting stolon at the concentrations of 200 and 400 mg L-1 favored the reduction of petiole length in plants of ‘Aromas’ strawberry and total leaf aerial in ‘Camarosa’ strawberry. The application of ProCa from the concentration of 100 mg L-1 reduced the vegetative growth of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Camarosa’ strawberry seedlings cultivated in substrate.

scholarly journals Does the climate of the origin control anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as different foliar traits in Fagus crenata?

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bayramzadeh ◽  
P. Attarod ◽  
M.T. Ahmadi ◽  
S. Rezaee Amruabadi ◽  
T. Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Vessel Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Foliar Traits ◽  
Area Percentage

The relationships between climatic factors and anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as different foliar traits were investigated in Fagus crenata seedlings originating from different provenances. Fagus crenata samples were prepared from Chichibu Research Forest of Tokyo University. In the present study, vessel number per mm<sup>2</sup>, average vessel diameter, vessel area percentage, vessel element length, percentages of perforation plate types, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, stomatal density and stomatal pore length were measured. Vessel number per mm<sup>2</sup>, vessel area percentage, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf thickness and leaf dry mass per unit leaf area showed a significant negative correlation with yearly, winter, spring and autumn precipitation. The majority of the studied characteristics were not related to the mean annual and seasonal temperatures of the original provenances. The results suggest that anatomical characteristics of vessel elements and different foliar traits in Fagus crenata are mainly influenced by the precipitation of the origins.

scholarly journals Effect of Nickel Applications for the Control of Mouse Ear Disorder on River Birch

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Mouse Ear

Abstract Mouse ear (leaf curl, little leaf, squirrel ear) disorder has been a problem in container-grown river birch (Betula nigra L.) for several decades. The disorder is easy to detect in nurseries as the plants appear stunted due to shortened internodes which give the appearance of a witches-broom. The leaves are small, wrinkled, are often darker green in color, are commonly cupped and have necrotic margins. Plants grown in soil rarely express the disorder. A trial was initiated in June 2003 to determine if a deficiency of nickel was the cause of mouse-ear on river birch. Symptomatic river birch trees (Betula nigra ‘BNMTF’ Dura-Heat™) in their second growing season in #15 containers were selected for uniformity of size and mouse ear. Treatments included a 1) control, 2) 789 ppm Ni sprays, 3) 394 ppm Ni sprays, 4) 0.005 lbs Ni/yd3 as a drench, 5) 26 g/pot triple superphosphate (0–46–0), and 6) 130 g/pot Milorganite. Nickel was applied as nickel sulfate, whereas triple superphosphate and Milorganite contain trace amounts of nickel. At 16 days after treatment, up to 5 cm of new growth was evident on plants sprayed with nickel. Thirty days after treatment shoot length increased up to 60%, leaf area increased 80 to 83%, and leaf dry mass increased 76 to 81% for plants sprayed or drenched with nickel sulfate. Plants treated with triple superphosphate or Milorganite did not resume normal growth. All plants treated with nickel sulfate in 2003 did not show symptoms of mouse ear after initiation of growth in 2004. Based on this research mouse ear disorder of river birch is caused by a deficiency of nickel which can be corrected by foliar or drench applications of nickel sulfate.

scholarly journals Growth analysis of tomato for industrial processing as a function of nitrogen doses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1348-1354
Author(s):  
Leonardo Correia Costa ◽  
Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho ◽  
Rodolfo Gustavo Teixeira Ribas ◽  
Alexson Filgueiras Dutra ◽  
Antonio Márcio Souza Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Absolute Growth

Nitrogen (N) is considered to be the nutrient that most affects plant growth. Understanding this mechanism helps in crop management and planning. This study analyzes the growth of tomato plants (Heinz 9553) for industrial purposes as a function of N doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). The experiment was carried out from April to August 2015, in Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, in plots subdivided in time, with three replicates. Growth assays were performed at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 96, 112 and 126 days after transplanting (DAT). Fertilization with 180 kg ha-1 N provided greater leaf area, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass (leaves + stems), fruit dry mass, total dry mass, leaf area index, leaf area ratio and leaf mass ratio at the end of the cycle. The lowest relative growth rate and specific leaf area were verified with 180 kg ha-1. For all N doses, the absolute growth rate was small up to 56 DAT and, subsequently, N doses promoted distinct increases in the index.

scholarly journals Evaluation of leaf and root absorptions of glyphosate in the growth of coffee plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edimilson Alves Barbosa ◽  
Isabel Moreira da Silva ◽  
André Cabral França ◽  
Enilson de Barros Silva ◽  
Christiano da Conceição de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Reduced Dose ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

ABSTRACT Intoxication by dispersion of glyphosate droplets in coffee seedlings is common and, in addition to the problem of drift, there are reports of contamination of this herbicide to a nontarget plant via the rhizosphere. Hydroponics allows the comparison of the translocation of the glyphosate absorbed by the foliage or the roots and avoids the interaction with the soil, which could hamper the achievement of more accurate conclusions when it is absorbed by the root. Thus, the toxicity of glyphosate sublethal dosages in the initial growth of coffee plants in hydroponics was evaluated by applying four sublethal dosages in two different locations (solution and leaf). Fifty days after the application of the herbicide, the intoxication percentage and the growth of the coffee seedlings were evaluated. From the reduced dose of 115.2 g·ha-1 of glyphosate, height reductions, root length; number of leaves, dry mass of leaf, roots and total, leaf area, and leaf mass ratio were observed. The first two parameters were observed only in leaf application and the others via leaf and solution. The aerial part–root ratio system had an increase in herbicide sublethal dosages when applied to leaves and the ratio of leaf area and specific leaf area increased in both applications. Sublethal dosages of glyphosate applied to young coffee plants under hydroponic conditions impair their growth, and it is more accentuated with increasing doses and when the leaves, instead of the roots, absorb the herbicide.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and antifungal bioactivity of Tulbaghia violacea L.

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
E van den Heever ◽  
J Allemann ◽  
JC Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass

Tulbaghia is known to have antifungal properties that can be used in the treatment of both human and plant pathogens and is used in traditional medicine in South Africa. Increasing demands for plant material makes it necessary to cultivate this species on a large scale. Unfortunately, cultivation can lead to a reduction in the biological activity of plants making them unsuitable for use. In light of the lack of knowledge regarding the agronomic requirements of this plant, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of several rates and two forms of nitrogenous fertilizer on the yield and biological activity of Tulbaghia violacea. Plants were cultivated in sand while the basic fertilization used was the same as that of garlic (20 kg P ha−1, 75 kg K ha−1), a plant from the same family, containing similar active ingredients. Nitrogen was applied once at the beginning of the trial at rates of 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1 in the form of either nitrate or ammonium. Vegetative growth was quantified in terms of number of leaves and leaf area as well as root and leaf dry mass, while harvested material was tested for antifungal activity. The results indicated that compared with the untreated control, increasing N-rates in both the nitrate and ammonium forms increased leaf number and leaf area as well as both root and leaf dry mass. However, at a rate above 60 kg ha−1, and especially at 180 kg ha−1, the nitrate form stimulated growth more markedly than the ammonium form, whereas antifungal activity decreased sharply and almost linearly as the application rate was increased. Although growth was not stimulated to the same extent by the ammonium form, it increased the in-vitro antifungal activity at different levels during different times of the growing season. From an ornamental perspective, nitrate is the preferred nitrogenous form but, from a bioactivity perspective, ammonium is recommended.

Assessing stress in Rhododendron macrophyllum through an analysis of leaf physical and chemical characteristics

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gholz
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Blade Area

Exposure to full sun provided the most stressful environment, as reflected by foliar characteristics, for naturally occurring Rhododendron macrophyllum growing at low to middle elevations. However, for a given age, exposed plants had a greater woody biomass than shaded plants. In comparison with shaded plants, foliar chemical concentrations (as percentage dry weight) were greatly reduced, unit-area concentrations were greatly increased, total leaf area per plant was reduced about half, and average leaf areas and specific blade areas were greatly reduced. Exposed plants also lacked almost totally the normal fourth age class of foliage.Reduced temperatures and growing-season length, associated with shaded sites at high elevation, caused intermediate levels of stress. This was indicated by intermediate unit-area measurements of foliar chemical concentrations, total leaf area per plant, average leaf size, and specific blade area. Percentage dry weight concentrations did not differ significantly from those of other shaded plants. Foliar biomass per plant was similar for the high-elevation site and the exposed site. Woody biomass of shaded plants at high elevations was similar to that of shaded plants at low elevations.Results showed that the dimensional characteristics of leaves (average leaf area, specific blade area), the total leaf area per plant, and foliar chemical concentrations expressed on a unit-area basis were the foliar characteristics most accurately reflecting stressful environments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document