scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Carnivorous Leaf Development

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Agrawal ◽  
Ashwani Pareek ◽  
Jeremy Dkhar
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Hollow Structure ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Utricularia Gibba ◽  
Nepenthes Khasiana

Plant carnivory is often manifested as dramatic changes in the structure and morphology of the leaf. These changes appear to begin early in leaf development. For example, the development of the Sarracenia purpurea leaf primordium is associated with the formation of an adaxial ridge, whose growth along with that of the leaf margin resulted in a hollow structure that later developed into a pitcher. In Nepenthes khasiana, pitcher formation occurs during the initial stages of leaf development, although this has not been shown at the primordial stage. The formation of the Utricularia gibba trap resulted from the growth of the dome-shaped primordium in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Recent research has begun to unfold the genetic basis of the development of the carnivorous leaf. We review these findings and discuss them in relation to the flat-shaped leaves of the model plant Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals The Diverse Roles of Auxin in Regulating Leaf Development

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Xiong ◽  
Yuling Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Flat Structures ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Leaves, the primary plant organs that function in photosynthesis and respiration, have highly organized, flat structures that vary within and among species. In recent years, it has become evident that auxin plays central roles in leaf development, including leaf initiation, blade formation, and compound leaf patterning. In this review, we discuss how auxin maxima form to define leaf primordium formation. We summarize recent progress in understanding of how spatial auxin signaling promotes leaf blade formation. Finally, we discuss how spatial auxin transport and signaling regulate the patterning of compound leaves and leaf serration.

Morphogenesis of the compound leaf in three genotypes of the pea, Pisum sativum

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1268-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Gould ◽  
Elizabeth G. Cutter ◽  
J. P. W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Algebraic Model ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Leaflet Anatomy

Leaf anatomy, ontogeny, and morphology were described and compared in a pea line (Pisum sativum L.) with conventional leaves and in isogenic lines carrying the mutations af (afila) or tl (tendril-less or acacia). The anatomy of stem, petiole, and rachis is not modified by these mutations. The tendrils, which in af replace leaflets, have normal tendril anatomy, and the terminal leaflets of the tl form have normal leaflet anatomy. The shoot apical dome has the same size and shape in the three genotypes, as does the leaf primordium up to the stage of initiation of the first laterals. The mature morphology of leaves varies with node of insertion. Some leaves, especially at nodes 3 and 4, have structures that are not typical of their genotype. An in vitro culture system is described for axillary shoots. Such shoots recapitulate most of the foliar features of seedling plants, but leaf morphology is on average more complex, and aberrant structures are more frequent. All these observations are discussed in relation to Young's algebraic model for compound leaf development.

scholarly journals Anatomy of epithemal hydathodes in four monocotyledon plants of economic and academic relevance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Jauneau ◽  
Aude Cerutti ◽  
Marie-Christine Auriac ◽  
Laurent D. Noël
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Entry Site ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Vascular Pathogens

AbstractHydathode is a plant organ responsible for guttation in vascular plants, i.e. the release of droplets at leaf margin or surface. Because this organ connects the plant vasculature to the external environment, it is also a known entry site for some vascular pathogens. In this study, we present a detailed microscopic examination of monocot hydathodes for three crops (maize, rice and sugarcane) and the model plant Brachypodium distachyon. Our study highlights both similarities and specificities of those epithemal hydathodes. These observations will serve as a foundation for future studies on the physiology and the immunity of hydathodes in monocots.

Remodelling of cell wall composition during leaf development in Lavoisiera mucorifera (Melastomataceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Kleber Resende Silva ◽  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Ana Flávia de Melo Silva ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Calcofluor White ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Wall Components

How does the deposition of cell wall components structure cell shape and function during leaf ontogenesis? Although this issue has been the subject of several studies, a wide variety of standards have been reported and many knowledge gaps remain. In this study we evaluated cell wall composition in leaf tissues of Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae) regarding cellulose, pectin (homogalacturonans (HGs) and rhamnogalacturonans I (RGI)) and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) distribution during ontogenesis. Leaf primordium, as well as young and mature leaves, were submitted to histochemical analysis using calcofluor white and ruthenium red, and immunocytochemical analysis using primary monoclonal antibodies (JIM5, JIM7, LM2, LM5 and LM6). Results showed that the distribution of cell wall components depends on tissue and leaf developmental stage. At the beginning of cell differentiation in the leaf primordium, two main patterns of cellulose microfibril orientation occur: perpendicular and random. This initial microfibril arrangement determines final cell shape and leaf tissue functionality in mature leaves. During leaf development, especially in epidermal and collenchyma cells, the association of HGs with low methyl-esterified groups and cellulose guarantees mechanical support. As a result, cell wall properties, such as rigidity and porosity, may also be acquired by changes in cell wall composition and are associated with morphogenetic patterns in L. mucorifera.

scholarly journals Overview of Arabidopsis as a Genetics Model System and Its Limitation, Leading to the Development of Emerging Plant Model Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhabendra Mohon Kar ◽  
Ayan Raichaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Plant Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
System A ◽  
Plant Process

Model plant systems make it easier to perform experiments with them. They help to understand and expand our knowledge about the genetic basis behind different plant process. Also, it is easier to design and perform genetic and genomic experiments using a model plant system. A. thaliana was initially chosen as the model plant system, and remains to this date, one of the most widely studied plant. With the advent of better molecular biology and sequencing tools and to understand the genetic basis for the unique processes in different plant species, there is emergence of several new model systems.

scholarly journals Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Israeli ◽  
Yogev Burko ◽  
Sharona Shleizer-Burko ◽  
Iris Daphne Zelnik ◽  
Noa Sela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Shape Determination ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Leaf Differentiation ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ga Content

AbstractMorphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed more broadly than CLAU and determines the spatio-temporal context of CLAU activity. We demonstrate that both LA and CLAU affect the Cytokinin/Gibberellin (CK/GA) balance. LA reduces the sensitivity of the leaf margin to CK, shown before to be also affected by CLAU. CLAU affects leaf active GA content and sensitivity, shown previously to be also influenced by LA. Therefore, LA and CLAU likely function in parallel pathways to promote leaf differentiation by converging on common downstream processes, including the CK/GA balance.

Patterns of leaf development in anisophyllous shoots

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Correlated Characters

Comparisons of the development of the dimorphic leaves of anisophyllous shoots can be used to understand how ontogenies might be modified during evolution to produce morphological change. In anisophyllous shoots, leaves of different sizes are borne on the dorsal and ventral sides of plagiotropic stems. Anisophylly is regarded as an adaptation for light interception in strongly shaded habitats since the small size of dorsal leaves and orientation of leaf blades minimizes self-shading. Anisophylly affects not only the patterns of leaf development, but also shoot symmetry, phyllotaxis, and bud development. Pronounced anisophylly is widely distributed throughout the land plants as a result of convergent evolution, possibly in response to similar selection pressures. In taxa where the expression of anisophylly is fixed, leaf primordium size and correlated characters, including the development of procambium, differ between dorsal and ventral sides of the shoot from the first plastochron. In contrast, patterns of dorsal and ventral leaf growth and correlated characteristics diverge late in development, often at the time leaves expand from the bud, in taxa where the expression of anisophylly is facultative. These observations indicate that changes in the timing of developmental events can account for many, but not all, of the ontogenetic alterations that result in divergent leaf size and shape on the same shoot and, by implication, accompany the evolution of new taxa. Key words: leaf development, anisophylly, heterochrony.

The rotated-lamina syndrome. III. Cases in Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, and Tilia

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Asymmetric Growth ◽  
Prunus Laurocerasus

The rotated-lamina syndrome occurs in all adult shoots of Tilia × europaea, and in lateral shoots of Corylus spp. and Prunus laurocerasus. Corylus and Prunus also have orthotropic radially symmetrical shoots that have normal leaf orientation. Development of the syndrome in leaf primordia in Tilia and Corylus is similar to that previously described in Ulmus, i.e., the leaf primordium is initially asymmetrical so that the leaf blade component of the primordium arises facing only obliquely towards the shoot apex, and further asymmetrical outgrowth of the leaf buttress brings the leaf blade region into the rotated position. Leaves of Begonia foliosa and the ventral leaves of (anisophyllous) Pellionia pulchra arise from initially symmetrical primordia, and lamina rotation occurs by asymmetric growth at the base of the leaf blade region. The process is similar to that in the woody examples but occurs at a proportionately later stage of leaf development. Development of the syndrome in Prunis laurocerasus and Magnolia × soulangeana differs considerably. Primordia are slightly asymmetrical but have normal dorsiventrality at first, but when the lamina arises the two edges of the leaf blade grow towards the same (upper) side of the bud, and this is responsible for most of the appearance of rotation. In general the upper stipule is initially larger than the lower and arises much earlier in Corylus and Tilia. Leaves that have normal orientation in Corylus and Prunus develop from quite symmetrical primordia, but those of Cotylus may show some asymmetry of stipule development. Shoots of all cases can be considered to show heteroblastic growth, and the early part of the heteroblastic sequence is prolonged in the orthotropic shoots with normally oriented leaves in Corylus and Prunus. The morphological and morphogenetic significance of the rotated-lamina syndrome is discussed. Key words: Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, Tilia, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

scholarly journals Simple and Divided Leaves in Ferns: Exploring the Genetic Basis for Leaf Morphology Differences in the Genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Vasco ◽  
Barbara A. Ambrose
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Class I ◽  
Histone H4 ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Fern Leaves

Despite the implications leaves have for life, their origin and development remain debated. Analyses across ferns and seed plants are fundamental to address the conservation or independent origins of megaphyllous leaf developmental mechanisms. Class I KNOX expression studies have been used to understand leaf development and, in ferns, have only been conducted in species with divided leaves. We performed expression analyses of the Class I KNOX and Histone H4 genes throughout the development of leaf primordia in two simple-leaved and one divided-leaved fern taxa. We found Class I KNOX are expressed (1) throughout young and early developing leaves of simple and divided-leaved ferns, (2) later into leaf development of divided-leaved species compared to simple-leaved species, and (3) at the leaf primordium apex and margins. H4 expression is similar in young leaf primordia of simple and divided leaves. Persistent Class I KNOX expression at the margins of divided leaf primordia compared with simple leaf primordia indicates that temporal and spatial patterns of Class I KNOX expression correlate with different fern leaf morphologies. However, our results also indicate that Class I KNOX expression alone is not sufficient to promote divided leaf development in ferns. Class I KNOX patterns of expression in fern leaves support the conservation of an independently recruited developmental mechanism for leaf dissection in megaphylls, the shoot-like nature of fern leaves compared with seed plant leaves, and the critical role marginal meristems play in fern leaf development.

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