Influence of Psychological Factors in Breast and Lung Cancer Risk – A Systematic Review

Introduction: In 2020, according to the Global Cancer Observatory, nearly 10 million people died of cancer. Amongst all cancers, breast cancer had the highest number of new cases and lung cancer had the highest number of deaths. Even though the literatures suggest a possible connection between psychological factors and cancer risk, their association throughout studies remains inconclusive. The present systematic review studied the connection between psychological factors and the risk of breast and lung cancer, prior to a cancer diagnosis. The psychological factors of trauma, grief, and depression were studied.Methods: The current systematic review was carried out across multiple databases in two phases, an initial exploratory research in June 2020, refined with a second electronic research in December 2020. The inclusion criteria included studies describing the association between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), grief, and depression with breast and lung cancer risk. The psychological data collection must have been carried out prior to a confirmed breast or lung cancer diagnosis, and accessed through self-report measures, questionnaires, clinical interviews, or clinical diagnoses. Study reports had to contain information about the incidence of cancer and effect size. The exclusion criteria were studies in which psychological factors were collected after cancer diagnosis.Results and Conclusion: A total of 26 studies were included. Although non-consensual, the findings from the present systematic review suggest that, in addition to the known risk factors, psychological factors may play an important role in the etiology of both breast and lung cancer. To include psychological factors as a variable that affects cancer development may be fundamental to opening new avenues for prevention and intervention.Systematic Review Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [CRD42020209161].

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Biased Lung Cancer Risk Perceptions: Smokers are Misinformed

Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik ◽

10.1515/jbnst-2018-0017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 238 (5) ◽

pp. 395-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicolas R. Ziebarth

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Lifetime Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Cancer Risk Perceptions ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract This paper empirically investigates biased beliefs about the risks of smoking. First, it confirms the established tendency of people to overestimate the lifetime risk of a smoker to contract lung cancer. In this paper’s survey, almost half of all respondents overestimate this risk. However, 80% underestimate lung cancer deadliness. In reality, less than one in five patients survive five years after a lung cancer diagnosis. Due to the broad underestimation of the lung cancer deadliness, the lifetime risk of a smoker to die of lung cancer is underestimated by almost half of all respondents. Smokers who do not plan to quit are significantly more likely to underestimate this overall mortality risk.

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The effect of radiographic emphysema in assessing lung cancer risk

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212457 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 858-864 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Patrick C Yong ◽

Keith Sigel ◽

Juan Pablo de-Torres ◽

Grace Mhango ◽

Minal Kale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Risk Models ◽

Lung Cancer Diagnosis ◽

National Lung Screening Trial ◽

Lung Screening

PurposeLung cancer risk models optimise screening by identifying subjects at highest risk, but none of them consider emphysema, a risk factor identifiable on baseline screen. Subjects with a negative baseline low-dose CT (LDCT) screen are at lower risk for subsequent diagnosis and may benefit from risk stratification prior to additional screening, thus we investigated the role of radiographic emphysema as an additional predictor of lung cancer diagnosis in participants with negative baseline LDCT screens of the National Lung Screening Trial.MethodsOur cohorts consist of participants with a negative baseline (T0) LDCT screen (n=16 624) and participants who subsequently had a negative 1-year follow-up (T1) screen (n=14 530). Lung cancer risk scores were calculated using the Bach, PLCOm2012 and Liverpool Lung Project models. Risk of incident lung cancer diagnosis at the end of the study and number screened per incident lung cancer were compared between participants with and without radiographic emphysema.ResultsRadiographic emphysema was independently associated with nearly double the hazard of lung cancer diagnosis at both the second (T1) and third (T2) annual LDCT in all three risk models (HR range 1.9–2.0, p<0.001 for all comparisons). The number screened per incident lung cancer was considerably lower in participants with radiographic emphysema (62 vs 28 at T1 and 91 vs 40 at T2).ConclusionRadiographic emphysema is an independent predictor of lung cancer diagnosis and may help guide decisions surrounding further screening for eligible patients.

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Association between previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1093/carcin/bgab082 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Ang ◽

Pratyusha Ghosh ◽

Wei Jie Seow

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Lung Cancer Diagnosis ◽

History Of

Abstract Previous lung diseases (PLD) are known risk factors for lung cancer. However, it remains unclear how the association varies by lung cancer subtype and socio-demographic characteristics. We conducted a systematic literature search in three electronic databases from the inception of each database up until 13 January 2021. A total of 73 studies (18 cohort and 55 case–control studies) consisting of 97 322 cases and 7 761 702 controls were included. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Based on the heterogeneity, either the fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled summary estimate (PSE) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between PLD and lung cancer risk. A history of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was associated with higher lung cancer risk, with a history of COPD and emphysema having at least twofold relative risk. A history of hay fever was associated with lower lung cancer risk (PSE= 0.66, 95% CI= 0.54–0.81), particularly among ever-smokers (PSE= 0.55, 95% CI= 0.41–0.73). Individuals with a diagnosis of asthma, emphysema, or pneumonia within 1–10 years prior to lung cancer diagnosis were observed to have a higher lung cancer risk as compared to those who were diagnosed more than 10 years prior to lung cancer diagnosis. Ever-smokers with a history of COPD or emphysema were observed to have at least twofold relative risk of lung cancer compared to those without this history. Due to the observed association between PLD with higher risk of lung cancer, it is advisable that individuals with PLD should be closely monitored and prioritised for lung cancer screening.

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Alcohol Drinking and Lung Cancer Risk: An Evaluation Based on a Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Evidence among the Japanese Population

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1093/jjco/hyl146 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 168-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kenji Wakai ◽

Chisato Nagata ◽

Tetsuya Mizoue ◽

Keitaro Tanaka ◽

Yoshikazu Nishino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Alcohol Drinking ◽

Japanese Population ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Epidemiologic Evidence

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Domestic incense use and lung cancer in Asia: a review

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2015-0060 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei Jie Seow ◽

Qing Lan

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Case Control ◽

Negative Association ◽

Future Studies ◽

Manual Review

AbstractWhile there is strong evidence for the association between household air pollution and lung cancer among non-smoking women, the association between domestic incense use and lung cancer risk has been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed articles authored between 1969 and August 25, 2015 before performing a manual review of each study, and found a total of seven published studies on this topic. Most of the studies are case-control in design and did not further stratify by sex and smoking status. Of the seven studies, three reported positive associations, three reported null associations and one study found a negative association between incense use and lung cancer. Only one study reported estimates for non-smoking women. Future studies should be larger in sample size, stratify by both sex and smoking status in their analyses, and collect more detailed information on incense use in order to facilitate the understanding of the association between domestic incense use and lung cancer risk among non-smoking women in Asia.

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Fish Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrition and Cancer ◽

10.1080/01635581.2014.894102 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 539-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Jian Song ◽

Hong Su ◽

Bao-long Wang ◽

Yang-yang Zhou ◽

Liang-Liang Guo

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Fish Consumption ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Meta Analysis

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Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.01.021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Darren R. Brenner ◽

Demetra H. Yannitsos ◽

Megan S. Farris ◽

Mattias Johansson ◽

Christine M. Friedenreich

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽

Meta Analysis

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The association between proton pump inhibitors (PPI) use for gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and lung cancer (LC): A nested case-control study.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1562 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 1562-1562

Author(s):

Hadas Dresler ◽

Daniel Keizman ◽

Ronac Mamtani ◽

Maya Gottfried ◽

Natalie Maimon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Diagnostic Code ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Control Study

1562 Background: Data suggests that GERD with recurrent reflux and microaspiration of stomach contents, may be associated with lung injury, inflammation, activation of proliferative signals, and eventually DNA damage and malignant transformation. Recently, a large population based cohort study found that GERD may increase the risk of lung cancer in Asians. In the present nested case control study, we aimed to evaluate the association between PPI use as a surrogate for GERD and lung cancer in a large western population. Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study within a population-representative database from the United Kingdom. Study cases were defined as individuals with any diagnostic code of lung cancer. For every case, four eligible controls were matched on age, gender, practice site, time and duration of follow-up. Exposure of interest was PPI use prior to cancer diagnosis. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Adjustment was performed for smoking. Results: The study population included 19143 lung cancer cases and 74473 matched controls. PPI use was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk (adjusted OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.64-1.77, p < 0.001). In a sensitivity analyses we observed similar associations when PPI use was initiated more than one year prior to cancer diagnosis (adjusted OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.13-1.23, p < 0.001) and more than two years prior to cancer diagnosis (adjusted OR 1.15, 95%CI 1.10-1.20, p < 0.001) Conclusions: ChronicPPI use, as a surrogate for symptomatic GERD, may be associated with a higher lung cancer risk.

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