scholarly journals The Spread of the Lengthening Time Effect of Emotions in Memory: A Test in the Setting of the Central Tendency Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Droit-Volet ◽  
Sandrine Gil
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Emotional Stimulus ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Temporal Judgment ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the present study was to test how the perception of an emotional stimulus colors the temporal context of judgment and modifies the participant’s perception of the current neutral duration. Participants were given two ready-set-go tasks consisting of a distribution of short (0.5–0.9 s) or long sample intervals (0.9–1.3 s) with an overlapping 0.9-s interval. Additional intervals were introduced in the temporal distribution. These were neutral for the two temporal tasks in a control condition and emotional for the short, but not the long temporal task in an emotion condition. The results indicated a replication of a kind of Vierordt’s law in the control condition, i.e., the temporal judgment toward the mean of the distribution of sample intervals (central tendency effect). However, there was a shift in the central tendency effect in the emotion condition indicating a general bias in the form of an overestimation of current intervals linked to the presence of a few emotional stimuli among the previous intervals. This finding is entirely consistent with timing mechanisms driven by prior duration context, particularly experience of prior emotional duration.

The Subjective Present and Its Modulation in Clinical Contexts

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Tschacher ◽  
Fabian Ramseyer ◽  
Claudia Bergomi
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gestalt Perception ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Techniques ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Time is a basic dimension in psychology, underlying behavior and experience. Timing and time perception constitute implicit processes that are often inaccessible to the individual person. Research in this field has shown that timing is involved in many areas of clinical significance. In the projects presented here, we combine timing with seemingly different fields of research, such as psychopathology, perceptual grouping, and embodied cognition. Focusing on the time scale of the subjective present, we report findings from three different clinical studies: (1) We studied perceived causality in schizophrenia patients, finding that perceptual grouping (‘binding’, ‘Gestalt formation’), which leads to visual causality perceptions, did not distinguish between patients and healthy controls. Patients however did integrate context (provided by the temporal distribution of auditory context stimuli) less into perceptions, in significant contrast to controls. This is consistent with reports of higher inaccuracy in schizophrenia patients’ temporal processing. (2) In a project on auditory Gestalt perception we investigated auditory perceptual grouping in schizophrenia patients. The mean dwell time was positively related to how much patients were prone to auditory hallucinations. Dwell times of auditory Gestalts may be regarded as operationalizations of the subjective present; findings thus suggested that patients with hallucinations had a shorter present. (3) The movement correlations of interacting individuals were used to study the non-verbal synchrony between therapist and patient in psychotherapy sessions. We operationalized the duration of an embodied ‘social present’ by the statistical significance of such associations, finding a window of roughly 5.7 seconds in conversing dyads. We discuss that temporal scales of nowness may be modifiable, e.g., by mindfulness. This yields promising goals for future research on timing in the clinical context: psychotherapeutic techniques may alter binding processes, hence the subjective present of individuals, and may affect the social present in therapeutic interactions.

scholarly journals Climate change and the occurrence of downy mildew in Brazilian grapevines

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francislene Angelotti ◽  
Emília Hamada ◽  
Edineide Elisa Magalhães ◽  
Raquel Ghini ◽  
Lucas da Ressureição Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Diseased Leaf Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Logic Functions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the occurrence of grapevine downy mildew in Brazil. Seedlings containing four to six leaves were sprayed with a sporangia suspension containing 105 sporangia per milliliter. After spraying, the seedlings were subjected to temperatures of 26, 28, 29.1, 30.4, and 31.8°C for 24 hours. The percentage of diseased leaf area and the latent period were evaluated. Maps of the geographic and temporal distribution of the disease were made considering the monthly average of the mean air temperature and leaf wetness duration for the reference climate or climate normal (1961-1990) and the future climates (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100), considering the A2 and B1 gas emission scenarios, designed by the Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Favorability ranges were set and used in logic functions of the geografical information system (GIS) to generate monthly maps for grapevine downy mildew. Rising temperatures interfered with the grapevine downy mildew infections, reduced the disease severity, and increased the latent period. Future climate scenarios indicate a reduction of favorability of downy mildew in Brazil, with variability in the different grape producing regions.

Spatiotemporal Spread of Potato virus S and Potato virus X in Seed Potato in Tasmania, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Lambert ◽  
Frank S. Hay ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge ◽  
Calum R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Potato ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Potato Virus S ◽  
The Mean

The spatial and temporal distribution of Potato virus S (PVS) and Potato virus X (PVX) was studied in two trials within each of four commercial fields of seed potato var. Russet Burbank in Tasmania, Australia. In the first trial (plots) 20 leaflets were collected from each of 49 plots (each approximately 8 m wide by 10 m long), with plots arranged in a 7-×-7 lattice. In the second trial (transects), leaflets were collected at 1-m intervals along seven adjacent, 50-m long rows. The mean incidence of PVS increased during the season by 5.2% in one of four plot trials and 25.5% in one of four transect trials. The mean incidence of PVX increased during the season by 10.1%, in one of two transect trials. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs and ordinary runs analysis detected aggregation of PVS infected plants early in the season in one and two fields respectively, suggesting transmission during seed-cutting or during planting. An increase in PVS incidence mid- to late season in one field was associated with aggregation of PVS along, but not across rows, which may be related to the closer plant spacing within rows and hence increased potential for mechanical transmission along rows. Results suggested limited spread of PVS and PVX occurred within crops during the season. Accepted for publication 9 April 2007. Published 26 July 2007.

scholarly journals Congenital malformations in neonates: analysis of morbidity and associated factors

10.3823/2465 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Alves de Melo ◽  
Flávia Emília Cavalcante Valença Fernandes ◽  
Ana Kariny Costa Araújo ◽  
Nadja Maria dos Santos ◽  
Maria Elda Alves de Lacerda Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Prenatal Visits

Objective: To evaluate the neonatal morbidity due to congenital malformations in the city of Petrolina-PE, from 2008 to 2013. Methods: A descriptive study with data from the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc). The analyzes were carried out through frequency distribution and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The associations were tested by the Pearson and Kruskal Wallis chi-square tests. Significance was set at 5% and 95% confidence. Results: 436 cases of congenital malformations were recorded in the study period, with 2011 being the highest occurrence year. The mothers of the newborns were young (25.2 years old), single, upper level of education and household. In general multiparous, with single gestation, vaginal delivery and performed up to six prenatal visits. The newborns were males, at 39 weeks or more of gestation and with normal weight (> = 2500g). The malformations of the musculoskeletal system were the most frequent followed by the genitourinary system. Congenital malformations were especially associated with neonatal characteristics such as gender and weight. In all causes the mean weight was greater than 2500g (p <0.05). The causes of malformation of greater occurrence in both sexes were osteomuscular (p <0.05). The aspects of the mother did not present significant differences in the present study (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The present study evidenced relevant aspects in the occurrence of morbidities due to congenital malformations, directing to a greater attention the occurrence of these diseases especially in relation to the newborn.

scholarly journals Temporal distribution of size and weight of fattened Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus l.) from Tunisian farms: (2005-2010)

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. HATTOUR ◽  
W. KOCHED
Keyword(s):  
Fork Length ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Thynnus ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Mean

The present study analysis size and weight-frequency composition of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) fattened in Tunisian farms for the period 2005-2010 and compare these morphometric parameters with those from wild bluefin tuna landed on 2001 at Sfax port (Tunisia). A total of 6,757 wild and fattened bluefin tuna were measured as straight-line fork length and 49,962 were weighted. Average value of K for wild BFT was 1.59 and respectively 2.43, 2.32, 2.15, 1.61, 1.79 and 1.90 for Fattened BFT after 5-6 months from 2005 to 2010. Length frequency of fattened bluefin showed clearly a substantial increase in juvenile rate. The percentage which was 21.4% in 2005 reached 31.3% in 2009. For weight distribution, 73.3% of the fish caught in 2001 are below the annual mean (75.7 kg), while means 71 to 72% of fattened fish were under annual mean weight. Year 2009 is exceptional because only 57% of fattened fish were under the mean weight. This demonstrates that the fish caught are becoming increasingly small. Mean weight for fattening period (77 to 124 kg) are obviously higher than those of the wild fish (75,7kg).This study showed an increment in the amount of specimen under first sexual maturity which will not have the chance to spawn.

scholarly journals Land snails as experimental animals: a study of the variability and distribution of individual weights in Helix aspersa snails born from the same clutch

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
J. Fonolla ◽  
F. Gil Extremera
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Mean

A study was carried out to examine the distribution of individual weights in Helix aspersa snails, the aims being to establish the best estimate of the ponderal growth and also to obtain a model growth curve. Four groups of 20 snails from the same clutch were analysed and kept under experimental conditions from birth up to 6 months. The variability of their individual weights within groups was studied by calculating the coefficients of variation every 15 days. At the same time, the assumed normal distribution of those weights was being tested. The coefficients of variation increased with age and the assumed normal distribution of individual weights had to be rejected. By means of a log transformation of the original data, a model growth curve was constructed, and was used to assess the possibility of estimating age from weight. We finally reached the conclusion that median weight, rather than the mean, would be a better measure of central tendency to use until it is possible to obtain selected populations. The difficulty of estimating age from weight is emphasized.

15. Quantitative Analysis: Description and Inference

2020 ◽  
pp. 393-421
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Univariate Statistics ◽  
The Mean

This chapter deals with quantitative analysis, and especially description and inference. It introduces the reader to the principles of quantitative research and offers a step-by-step guide on how to use and interpret a range of commonly used techniques. The first part of the chapter considers the building blocks of quantitative analysis, with particular emphasis on different ways of summarizing data, both graphically and with tables, and ways of describing the distribution of one variable using univariate statistics. Two important measures are discussed: the mean and the standard deviation. After elaborating on descriptive statistics, the chapter explores inferential statistics and explains how to make generalizations. It also presents the concept of confidence intervals, more commonly known as the margin of error, and measures of central tendency.

scholarly journals Technical note: A nonparametric outlier rejection scheme

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. O. Odonde
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Frequency Filtering ◽  
Outlier Rejection ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Mean

Experimental data always contains measurement errors (or noise, in signal processing). This paper is concerned with the removal of outliers from a data set consisting of only a handful of points. The data set has a unimodal probability distribution function, the mode is thus a reliable estimate of the central tendency. The approach is nonparametric; for the data set (xi, yi) only the ordinates (yi) are used. The abscissa (xi) are reparametrized to the variable i = 1, N.The data is bounded using a calculated mode and a new measure: the mean absolute deviation from the mode. This does not seem to have been reported before. The mean is removed and low frequency filtering is performed in the frequency domain, after which the mean is reintroduced.

scholarly journals Sample Size to Estimate the Mean and Median of Traits in Canola

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Alberto Cargnelutti Filho ◽  
Cleiton Antonio Wartha ◽  
Jéssica Andiara Kleinpaul ◽  
Ismael Mario Marcio Neu ◽  
Daniela Lixinski Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Larger Sample

The aim of this study was to determine the sample size (i.e., number of plants) required to estimate the mean and median of canola (Brassica napus L.) traits of the Hyola 61, Hyola 76, and Hyola 433 hybrids with precision levels. At 124 days after sowing, 225 plants of each hybrid were randomly collected. In each plant, morphological (plant height) and productive traits (number of siliques, fresh matter of siliques, fresh matter of aerial part without siliques, fresh matter of aerial part, dry matter of siliques, dry matter of aerial part without siliques, and dry matter of aerial part) were measured. For each trait, measures of central tendency, variability, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated. Sample size was determined by resampling with replacement of 10,000 resamples. The sample size required for the estimation of measures of central tendency (mean and median) varies between traits and hybrids. Productive traits required larger sample sizes in relation to the morphological traits. Larger sample sizes are required for the hybrids Hyola 433, Hyola 61, and Hyola 76, in this sequence. In order to estimate the mean of canola traits of the Hyola 61, Hyola 76 e Hyola 433 hybrids with the amplitude of the confidence interval of 95% equal to 30% of the estimated mean, 208 plants are required. Whereas 661 plants are necessary to estimate the median with the same precision.

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