Childhood Maltreatment in Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cut-Off Scores on Prevalence Rates

Childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in various psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, patients with disorders from the schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) appear to have high prevalence rates of childhood maltreatment. However, the interpretation and comparability of prevalence rates is impeded by methodological weaknesses and differences such as measures and thresholds used in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to provide and compare systematically captured data on prevalence rates of all common types of childhood maltreatment in patients with SSD using a standardized and well-established questionnaire and the most frequently used thresholds. The sample consisted of 48 patients with a primary diagnosis of SSD. 58.3–77.1% of the sample experienced at least one type of childhood maltreatment. Prevalence rates for physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were dependent on the thresholds used, while equal rates were found for emotional neglect and sexual abuse. Physical neglect (46–67%), and emotional abuse (44–48%) were most commonly reported, followed by emotional neglect (38%), physical abuse (25–38%), and sexual abuse (25%). Additionally, high levels of peer victimization were reported by SSD patients. It appears that childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in SSD, even though methodological details, especially cut-off scores, have a substantial impact on the prevalence rates that are determined. Therefore, the methodology of studies should be closely examined when drawing conclusions from presented prevalence rates.

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From Childhood Maltreatment To Depression Behind Bars : Testing A Theoretical Model Of Adolescent Depression Among Juvenile Offenders

10.32920/ryerson.14665362 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sonya G. Wanklyn

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Substance Use ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Juvenile Offenders ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Incarcerated Youth ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Depression Severity

Despite research consistently demonstrating a link between childhood maltreatment and depression, our understanding of the potential mediators of this relationship remains limited. Based on the existing literature and corresponding theories, a theoretical model was constructed to assess the effects of childhood maltreatment, impulsivity, hopelessness, and substance use on adolescent offenders' depression severity. This model was tested for sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect using a series of path analyses. Impulsivity and hopelessness partially mediated the effects of childhood sexual abuse and emotional abuse on depression severity, and fully mediated the effects of childhood physical abuse and emotional neglect. Contrary to expectation, substance use did not mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression severity. These results suggest that childhood maltreatment, impulsivity, and hopelessness may be important variables to include in clinical research related to depression in incarcerated youth.

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The Prevalence of Four Types of Childhood Maltreatment in Denmark

Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health ◽

10.2174/1745017901309010149 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 149-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Mogens N Christoffersen ◽

Cherie Armour ◽

Mathias Lasgaard ◽

Tonny E Andersen ◽

Ask Elklit

Keyword(s):

Physical Abuse ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Child Protection ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

National Study ◽

Effective Sample Size ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Trauma Types ◽

Physical Neglect

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of four types of childhood maltreatment in Denmark while taking into considerations how each of the types of maltreatment vary as a function of gender or child-protection status. Methods: Data were collected from a Danish national study conducted by The Danish National Centre for Social Research in 2008 and 2009. The study used a stratified random probability sample of young people aged 24 years. A sample of 4718 young adults were randomly selected by Statistics Denmark using the total birth cohort of all children born in 1984. The response rate was 63% leaving a total effective sample size of 2980. A structured residential or telephone interview enquired about a range of respondents maltreatment experiences. Results: Maltreatment is experienced by a significant proportion of Danish children. The reported prevalence rates were; physical neglect (3.0%), emotional abuse (5.2%), physical abuse (5.4%) and sexual abuse (3.4%). All trauma types were experienced by a greater percentage of females compared to males with the exception of physical abuse and all trauma types were experienced by a greater percentage of children given child-protection status. Conclusions: Female children and children who are given child protection status are those most at risk for experiencing maltreatment in Denmark. However, variability in prevalence rates of maltreatment across studies is problematic. Methodological variations and variation in abuse definitions may be partly attributable.

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From Childhood Maltreatment To Depression Behind Bars : Testing A Theoretical Model Of Adolescent Depression Among Juvenile Offenders

10.32920/ryerson.14665362.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sonya G. Wanklyn

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Substance Use ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Juvenile Offenders ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Incarcerated Youth ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Depression Severity

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Association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors: mediating and moderating influences in childhood trauma and life events among Chinese adolescents

Annals of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12991-021-00371-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tingyu Yang ◽

Yuqiong He ◽

Shuxian Wu ◽

Xilong Cui ◽

Xuerong Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Life Events ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Child Behavior Checklist ◽

Short Form ◽

Chinese Adolescents ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Aggressive Behaviors ◽

Physical Neglect

Abstract Background This study investigated an association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors in Chinese adolescents, and explored the underlying mechanism. Methods The data of 3094 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years were collected from an epidemiological survey in China. All the subjects or their parents completed the Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Adolescent Self-rating Life Event Checklist (ASLEC). Results Relative to the non-schizoid group, adolescents with schizoid tendencies (male or female) showed significantly higher scores for aggressive behaviors, emotional abuse, and ASLEC. Regarding females only, those with schizoid tendencies had significantly higher (lower) scores for physical abuse and emotional neglect (physical neglect). The aggressive behaviors score was predicted by scores for schizoid tendencies (βmale = 0.620, βfemale = 0.638, both P < 0.001) and ASLEC (βmale = 0.125, βfemale = 0.061, both P < 0.01), and by childhood trauma score (males: emotional neglect [β = 0.045, P = 0.021]; females: emotional abuse and sexual abuse [β = 0.118 and − 0.062, both P < 0.01]). The ASLEC and childhood trauma scores mediated the association between scores for schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors, specifically, emotional neglect (emotional abuse and sexual abuse) in males (females). In females, the interaction between scores for childhood trauma and ASLEC affected the aggressive behaviors score (P = 0.023). Conclusions Schizoid tendencies are associated with aggressive behaviors among Chinese adolescents. Recent life events and childhood trauma mediated an association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors. The interaction between childhood trauma and recent life events affected aggressive behaviors in females. Aggressive behaviors in adolescents may be ameliorated by reducing childhood trauma and life events.

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Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7957-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ameel F. Al Shawi ◽

Yassen T. Sarhan ◽

Mahasin A. Altaha

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Physical Neglect

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are considered as universal public health problem that associate with mental disorders and risky behaviors during adulthood. The aims of the paper are to estimate the prevalence of Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young adults in Iraq as well as to estimate the association between ACEs and depression. Methods A convenience sample of young adults of 18–20 years was chosen from centre and west of Iraq, mainly from universities. The adverse childhood experiences were measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. A depression scale was derived from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Statistical tests: chi square was used to measure the association between adverse childhood experiences and other variables like gender and depression. Odds ratios were computed to estimate the risk for depression. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The total number of participants was 401, 38.9% of the subjects were men, while 61.1% were women. The mean age of the participants was 18.88 ± 0.745. The results revealed that the most common forms of ACEs among the subjects were physical neglect (19.8%) and emotional neglect (19.2%) followed by physical abuse (17.21%) while sexual abuse was 7.52%. There was statistically significant association between most forms of adverse childhood experiences especially emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse and physical neglect with depression. Conclusion ACEs are not uncommon among young adults in Iraq and are associated with depression in adulthood. National programmes to support mental health rehabilitation might be necessary to reduce the effect of ACEs among Iraqi people, especially for adolescents and young adults.

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The Impact of Retrospective Childhood Maltreatment on Eating Disorders as Mediated by Food Addiction: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12102969 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2969 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rami Bou Khalil ◽

Ghassan Sleilaty ◽

Sami Richa ◽

Maude Seneque ◽

Sylvain Iceta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Food Addiction ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yale Food Addiction Scale ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

The Impact

Background: The current study aimed to test whether food addiction (FA) might mediate the relationship between the presence of a history of childhood maltreatment and eating disorder (ED) symptom severity. Methods: Participants were 231 patients with ED presenting between May 2017 and January 2020 to a daycare treatment facility for assessment and management with mainly the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). Results: Participants had a median age of 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 20–33) years and manifested anorexia nervosa (61.47%), bulimia nervosa (16.88%), binge-eating disorders (9.09%), and other types of ED (12.55%). They were grouped into those likely presenting FA (N = 154) and those without FA (N = 77). The group with FA reported higher scores on all five CTQ subscales, as well as the total score of the EDI-2 (p < 0.001). Using mediation analysis; significant indirect pathways between all CTQ subscales and the EDI-2 total score emerged via FA, with the largest indirect effect emerging for physical neglect (standardized effect = 0.208; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.127–0.29) followed by emotional abuse (standardized effect = 0.183; 95% CI 0.109–0.262). Conclusion: These results are compatible with a model in which certain types of childhood maltreatment, especially physical neglect, may induce, maintain, and/or exacerbate ED symptoms via FA which may guide future treatments.

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Childhood Maltreatment History as a Risk Factor for Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Army Soldiers

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.269 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 269-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Leora N. Rosen ◽

Lee Martin

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽

Sexual Harassment ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Sexual Experiences ◽

Unwanted Sexual Experiences ◽

Physical Neglect

Four different types of childhood maltreatment were examined as predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and acknowledged sexual harassment among male and female active duty soldiers in the United States Army. Predictor variables included childhood sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Three types of unwanted sexual experiences in the workplace were examined as outcome variables: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and coercion. Both sexual and physical-emotional abuse during childhood were found to be predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and of acknowledged sexual harassment in the workplace. Among female soldiers, the most severe type of unwanted experience—coercion—was predicted only by childhood physical-emotional abuse. Among male soldiers childhood sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of coercion. A greater variety of types of childhood maltreatment predicted sexual harassment outcomes for male soldiers. Childhood maltreatment and adult sexual harassment were predictors of psychological well-being for soldiers of both genders.

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Mental Health Pathways Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Interpersonal Revictimization During Adolescence for Girls in the Child Welfare System

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260515614561 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1169-1191 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Wendy Auslander ◽

Sarah Myers Tlapek ◽

Jennifer Threlfall ◽

Tonya Edmond ◽

Jerry Dunn

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Child Welfare ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Childhood Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Child Welfare System ◽

Welfare System ◽

Mediation Analyses ◽

Abuse And Neglect ◽

Physical Neglect

This study compares the association of histories of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect with revictimization among adolescent girls, and investigates the role of posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression as mediators. Participants were 234 girls aged 12 to 19 years, who have been involved with the child welfare system in a Midwestern urban area. Data were collected from baseline surveys of a trauma-focused group program to which the participants were referred. The majority of participants were youths of color (75%) who were primarily African American (70%), and the remaining participants were White, non-Hispanic (25%). Data were collected through surveys that assessed histories of child abuse and neglect, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression, and experiences of physical, verbal, and relational revictimization in the last 3 months. All types of abuse and neglect were significantly associated with higher frequencies of revictimization and higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Parallel mediation analyses demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress and depression fully mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and revictimization, and sexual abuse and revictimization. Physical abuse was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress, but not by depression. Results also indicated that neither posttraumatic stress nor depression were mediators for the relationship between neglect and revictimization. There were similar pathways to revictimization in adolescents from emotional and sexual abuse through posttraumatic stress and depression. Evidence is mounting for the deleterious effects of emotional abuse. There is evidence that treatment of both posttraumatic stress and depression in emotionally and sexually abused adolescents involved in child welfare is warranted to prevent future revictimization.

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Psychological Traumas and Cardiovascular Disease: A Case-Control Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9070875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 875

Author(s):

Federica Galli ◽

Carlo Lai ◽

Teresa Gregorini ◽

Chiara Ciacchella ◽

Stefano Carugo

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Control Group ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adult Disease ◽

The Impact

Adverse childhood experiences could be important determinants of adult disease. The present study analyzed the association between early traumatic experiences and the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVDs). It was hypothesized that patients with CVD would report a higher number of traumatic experiences during childhood and that this association would be stronger in women. The Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC) was fulfilled by 75 patients with a first-time diagnosis of CVD and 84 healthy controls randomly selected from the general population. The two groups were not balanced for age and sex. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) and analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs), with group (clinical vs. control) and gender (male vs. female) as between-subjects factors, and age of participants as covariate, were performed on the number and the impact of the traumatic experiences (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse) for the three age group in which the trauma was experienced (from 0 to 10, from 11 to 18, from 19 years onwards). The main results showed that participants with CVDs have experienced a higher number of early traumatic experiences compared to the control group, such as emotional neglect (p = 0.023), emotional abuse (0.008 ≤ p ≤ 0.033), and physical abuse (0.001 < p ≤ 0.038). The results also revealed that women with CVDs have experienced more traumatic events compared to the women of the control group (0.001 < p ≤ 0.020). These results seem to highlight an association between traumatic experiences in childhood and CVD in adulthood, particularly in women. Such findings could have relevant implications for clinical practice, suggesting the importance of adopting an integrated approach in the care of the patient with cardiovascular diseases paying attention also to the clinical psychological risk factors.

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Physical, Psychological and Sexual Abuse of the Minor in the Families from the Northwestern Region of Romania- Social and Medical Forensics

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5078 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Camelia Liana BUHAȘ ◽

Claudia JUDEA-PUSTA ◽

Bogdan Adrian BUHAȘ ◽

Simona BUNGAU ◽

Adrian Sorin JUDEA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Child Abuse ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Forensic Analysis ◽

Sociological Study ◽

The Family ◽

Physical Neglect

Background: In Romania, the abuse within the family of the minor child is a widespread phenomenon, its extent is insufficiently known because of ignorance/not reporting all the existing cases. Methods: The participants of the research are represented by two independent groups from the NW Romania 2007-2011, one for sociological study (1544 parents and 1283 children) and another for forensic statistical study (2761 cases of abused children). The sociological study was carried out by analyzing questionnaires applied in schools located in Bihor County, both to children and parents. The statistical analysis was carried out by studying the cases of the physically, sexually, and psychologically abused minors, recorded at Bihor County Forensic Service. Results: Physical neglect and physical abuse are the most common forms of child abuse. The forensic analysis highlight that most of the victims are male from urban areas. Physical abuse is more common in the 16-18 age group, psychological abuse in children aged between 6-10 yr, and sexual abuse in children under the age of 14 years. Girls were subject to sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse, more frequently in rural areas; boys were most often victims of exploitation, physical, and emotional abuse in both urban and rural areas. Conclusion: The results of the study led to the formulation of general guidelines on this phenomenon and highlight the need for proposals to improve the current situation of child abuse within the family.

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