scholarly journals Vaccine Strategy During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What School Nurses Need to Know

2021 ◽  
pp. 1942602X2110201
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Barnby ◽  
Mark Reynolds ◽  
Jenny Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Speed Up

The National Association of School Nurses supports immunization to reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. School nurses have the obligation to discern and understand vaccine strategies to aid in the advocacy and education of their school administrators, faculty, staff, students, and caregivers. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to all continents, and the total number of those infected or immune through effective vaccination is well below the estimated need for herd immunity. To achieve herd immunity against the global outbreak of COVID-19, the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines is essential. Using multiple strategies and vaccine platforms to speed up the vaccine development process will inherently save more lives. Equipped with this knowledge of vaccine strategy, the school nurse can more aptly advocate for the use of the COVID-19 vaccines to move toward herd immunity in their communities.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of Public Perceptions on Vaccine Acceptance Using Behavioral Economics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Hursh ◽  
Justin C. Strickland ◽  
Lindsay P. Schwartz ◽  
Derek D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of public perceptions of vaccine safety and efficacy on intent to seek COVID-19 vaccination using hypothetical vaccine acceptance scenarios. The behavioral economic methodology could be used to inform future public health vaccination campaigns designed to influence public perceptions and improve public acceptance of the vaccine. In June 2020, 534 respondents completed online validated behavioral economic procedures adapted to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine demand in relation to a hypothetical development process and efficacy. An exponential demand function was used to describe the proportion of participants accepting the vaccine at each efficacy. Linear mixed effect models evaluated development process and individual characteristic effects on minimum required vaccine efficacy required for vaccine acceptance. The rapid development process scenario increased the rate of decline in acceptance with reductions in efficacy. At 50% efficacy, 68.8% of respondents would seek the standard vaccine, and 58.8% would seek the rapid developed vaccine. Rapid vaccine development increased the minimum required efficacy for vaccine acceptance by over 9 percentage points, γ = 9.36, p < 0.001. Past-3-year flu vaccination, γ = −23.00, p < 0.001, and male respondents, γ = −4.98, p = 0.037, accepted lower efficacy. Respondents reporting greater conspiracy beliefs, γ = 0.39, p < 0.001, and political conservatism, γ = 0.32, p < 0.001, required higher efficacy. Male, γ = −4.43, p = 0.013, and more conservative, γ = −0.09, p = 0.039, respondents showed smaller changes in minimum required efficacy by development process. Information on the vaccine development process, vaccine efficacy, and individual differences impact the proportion of respondents reporting COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Behavioral economics provides an empirical method to estimate vaccine demand to target subpopulations resistant to vaccination.

scholarly journals Reaching Herd Immunity During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What School Nurses Need to Know

2021 ◽  
pp. 1942602X2110449
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Barnby ◽  
Mark Reynolds ◽  
Jenny Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
National Association ◽  
School Staff ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Over Time

The National Association of School Nurses supports pandemic control efforts. School nurses are advocates for their students, caregivers, school staff, teachers, and school administrators. With a clear understanding of how the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus evolves over time and changes transmissibility through mutations, school nurses gain understanding in epidemiologic calculation of herd immunity. To understand why the estimates of herd immunity fluctuate, as often reported in the news, school nurses need to understand how epidemiologist calculate this number. Obtaining herd immunity will protect the most vulnerable in the population. If all countries have access to vaccines and populations choose to receive vaccinations, herd immunity is more likely to be obtained. Equipped with knowledge of how herd immunity is calculated, school nurses are in a position to educate and advocate for the use of vaccines.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Herd Immunity and Nanotechnology- A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Sah ◽  
Mukesh Kumar Bhagat ◽  
Upama Niraula
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Epidemiology Data

Covid-19 had been the global pandemic cases across the world since WHO declared it as pandemic diseases. It has been global crisis which had impacted globally on health and economic sector at a time. This review article had covered the detail of COVID-19 in brief detail, its epidemiological data, herd immunity and vaccination program, vaccine development status. Also this article the nanotechnology used in vaccine development process and its future prospective. This article had been concerned over the SAARC Nations epidemiology data related to COVID-19.

Pertussis Resurgence: School Nurses as a Safety Net for Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Barnby ◽  
Mark Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Upper Respiratory

After a decade of decreases in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, in the late 1980s the incidence began to increase. Four vaccine preventable diseases, including pertussis, caused major epidemics, and children were the most vulnerable during these outbreaks. Due to waning immunity, genomic changes, and inadequate herd immunity in adults, infants and children are at risk for contracting pertussis. Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. Pertussis is difficult to diagnose early because the presentation is similar to common problems such as bronchitis or upper respiratory infections. School nurses should be able to identify signs and symptoms in the earliest stage possible to prevent transmission and refer for treatment early. The purpose of this article is to provide school nurses with information to understand the disease and identify individuals infected with pertussis.

scholarly journals Covid-19 vaccination: The pros and cons

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 015-022
Author(s):  
Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi ◽  
Wonyinbarakemi Ladi Berefagha ◽  
Ebifanimi Okara
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Global Coordination

The advent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also known as COVID-19 disease and the dynamics of its rapid spread around the globe are unprecedented. Different preventive efforts have been undertaken in response to this global health challenge, amongst them, vaccine development, distribution and dispensation is at the forefront. Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system against infectious pathogens; hence, they are one of the greatest medical accomplishments and a cornerstone of public health. There is a strong consensus globally that COVID-19 vaccine is likely the most effective approach to sustainably controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. An unprecedented research effort and global coordination has resulted in a rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we review the various types, Pros (status of different COVID-19 vaccines, their utility in COVID-19 control and as a tool of herd immunity or protection) and Cons (various side effects, leaky vaccination and vaccine hesitancy) of COVID-19 vaccines. Despite all cons it is believed that vaccination will certainly help in building up of herd protection against COVID-19 disease, which could allow lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing to be relaxed globally.

SARS-CoV-2 Biology Insights, Part IV.Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) and the tricky “Herd Immunity”: narrative review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lafon-Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
System P

BACKGROUND It is common knowledge that vaccination has improved our life quality and expectancy since it succeeded in achieving almost eradication of several diseases including chickenpox (varicella), diphtheria, hepatitis A and B, measles, meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, polio, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis) Vaccination success is based on vaccine induction of neutralizing antibodies that help fight the infection (e.g. by a virus), preventing the disease. Conversely, Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of a viral infection occurs when anti-viral antibodies facilitate viral entry into host cells and enhance viral infection in these cells. ADE has been previously studied in Dengue and HIV viruses and explains why a second infection with Dengue can be lethal. As already reviewed in Part I and Part II, SARS-Cov-2 shares with HIV not only 4 sequences in the Spike protein but also the capacity to attack the immune system. OBJECTIVE As HIV presents ADE, we wondered whether this was also the case regarding SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A literature review was done through Google. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 presents ADE. As SARS, which does not have the 4 HIV-like inserts, has the same property, ADE would not be driven by the HIV-like spike sequences. CONCLUSIONS ADE can explain the failure of herd immunity-based strategies and will also probably hamper anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. As reviewed in Part I, there fortunately are promising therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, which should be further developed. In the meantime, complementary countermeasures to protect mainly the youth from this infection are presented to be discussed in Part V Viewpoint.

scholarly journals Faster than warp speed: early attention to COVD-19 by anti-vaccine groups on Facebook

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth C Kalichman ◽  
Lisa A Eaton ◽  
Valerie A Earnshaw ◽  
Natalie Brousseau
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Vaccine Information

Abstract Background The unprecedented rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has faced SARS-CoV- (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy, which is partially fueled by the misinformation and conspiracy theories propagated by anti-vaccine groups on social media. Research is needed to better understand the early COVID-19 anti-vaccine activities on social media. Methods This study chronicles the social media posts concerning COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines by leading anti-vaccine groups (Dr Tenpenny on Vaccines, the National Vaccine Information Center [NVIC] the Vaccination Information Network [VINE]) and Vaccine Machine in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic (February–May 2020). Results Analysis of 2060 Facebook posts showed that anti-vaccine groups were discussing COVID-19 in the first week of February 2020 and were specifically discussing COVID-19 vaccines by mid-February 2020. COVID-19 posts by NVIC were more widely disseminated and showed greater influence than non-COVID-19 posts. Early COVID-19 posts concerned mistrust of vaccine safety and conspiracy theories. Conclusion Major anti-vaccine groups were sowing seeds of doubt on Facebook weeks before the US government launched its vaccine development program ‘Operation Warp Speed’. Early anti-vaccine misinformation campaigns outpaced public health messaging and hampered the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines.

Design System for Blow Moulded Products

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Geilen ◽  
Willi J. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Design System ◽  
Structural Configuration ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Production Inspection ◽  
Great Complexity

Abstract In recent years the spectrum of applications for thermoplastics has experienced constant growth. They do not only exhibit good specific materials properties and lend themselves to costeffective processing, but it is also possible to manufacture products of great complexity. Numerous possibilities for structural configuration are thus presented, enabling product material and form to be adapted to specific requirements. Computer-aided simulation techniques are among the tools utilized in developing optimal components or products. This led to a design system which can accelerate the entire development process of a product or component. It starts from the idea and results in the production stage making use of multidisciplinary combination of C-technologies, structural analysis procedures, material data bases, production, inspection and testing. The propagated concept is significantly furthered by the rapid development in the areas of hardware and software. A comparison of a traditional development process with the development process utilizing the design system illustrates the possibilities which exist to exploit simulation thechniques in every stage of product development in order to enhance quality and reduce costs.

Technological Knowledge Transfer

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Jacob Sajet
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Technological Knowledge ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The University

The article examines the university-enterprise relationship through six scenarios. Consistent problems, such as the reluctance of industry to become involved in the early stages of a project and the tendency of universities to be relatively uninterested in scaling up, are outlined. Various solutions are proposed, such as the establishment of ‘incubator-type’ units within universities in order to speed up the development process.

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