scholarly journals The Impact of Acute Loud Noise on the Behavior of Laboratory Birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayanne L. Corbani ◽  
Jessica E. Martin ◽  
Susan D. Healy
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Avian Behavior ◽  
Fire Alarm ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Husbandry procedures and facility settings, such as low-frequency fire alarms, can produce noises in a laboratory environment that cause stress to animals used in research. However, most of the data demonstrating harmful effects that have, consequently, led to adaptations to management, have largely come from laboratory rodents with little known of the impacts on avian behavior and physiology. Here we examined whether exposure to a routine laboratory noise, a low-frequency fire alarm test, induced behavioral changes in laboratory zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Twenty-four breeding pairs of zebra finches were randomly selected and exposed to the low-frequency fire alarm (sounding for 10–20 s) or no noise (control) on separate test days. All birds were filmed before and after the alarm sounded and on a control day (without the alarm). The zebra finches decreased their general activity and increased stationary and social behaviors after exposure to the alarm. Brief exposure to a low-frequency alarm disrupted the birds' behavior for at least 15 min. The induction of this behavioral stress response suggests that low-frequency sound alarms in laboratory facilities have the potential to compromise the welfare of laboratory birds.

scholarly journals Locomotor effects of a low-frequency fire alarm on C57BL/6 male mice: a preliminary study

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M Povroznik ◽  
Robert E Faith ◽  
Matthew J Kessler ◽  
Frank N Ali ◽  
James Kosik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Fire Alarm ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Acoustic Conditions ◽  
Research Facilities ◽  
The Impact

Maintaining appropriate acoustic conditions for animal welfare and data collection are crucial in biomedical research facilities. Negative impacts of disruptive sound are known and can include auditory damage, immune function changes, and behavioral alterations. One type of disruptive sound occurring in research facilities is that of fire alarms. To ameliorate this problem, many facilities have incorporated the use of low-frequency fire alarms that emit tones outside the rodent audible range. The impact of these devices has been assumed to be negligible. However, this has yet to be evaluated with controlled behavioral experiments. Thus, our objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency fire alarm exposure on locomotor behavior in the open field, a test sensitive to acoustic stimuli disruption. Male mice were randomized to three alarm exposure groups (No-Alarm; Alarm-During; and Alarm-After) and placed in individual photobeam-activated locomotor chambers. The Alarm-During group displayed significantly reduced horizontal locomotion, with a trend towards reduced vertical locomotion. These data suggest that a low-frequency brief alarm tone can temporarily disrupt movement, a valuable insight should an alarm be deployed. Further, findings support close collaboration between researchers and institutional facility staff to ensure appropriate acoustic conditions are maintained, whenever possible, for research animals.

scholarly journals The implications of religious event and holidays on the transmission of SARS-CoV2 : the impact of behavioral changes on transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkarim Abdulrahman ◽  
Muath AlMajthoob ◽  
Abdulla I AlAwadhi ◽  
Manaf M AlQahtani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Public Health Plan ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroductionThe risk factors for transmission of SARS-CoV2 have been widely studied and it was evident that a population’s behavior has a direct effect on the risk of transmission. Public health measures and regulation are largely kept to control and direct these behaviors. In this study, we describe the change in transmission in SARS-CoV2 in relation to demographics before and after two major religious events: “Eid Alfitr” and “Ashura”MethodsThis is a national observational study conducted in Bahrain in September 2020 to compare the number and demographics of all newly diagnosed cases before and after Eid Alfitr (religious holiday) and Ashura religious event. A 10 day period before the event was compared to a 10 day period after the event by ten days. Data on the number of tests, number of new cases, their demographics (age, gender, nationality) and presence of symptoms were collected and analyzed.ResultsThere was significant increase in the number of COVID-19 cases after both Eid Alfitr (1997 more cases, with a 67% increase) and Ashura (4232 more cases with 2.19 times more cases). The majority of new cases after the religious events were found in local Bahrainis, from 472 cases to 2169 cases after Eid, and from 2201 to 6639 cases after Ashura. The rise was most notable in females (increased by 4.89 times after Eid and by 2.69 times after Ashura), children (increased by 4.69 times after Eid and by 5 times after Ashura) and elderly above the age of 60 years (increased by 5.7 times after Eid and by 3.23 times after Ashura).ConclusionIt is evident that religious events and holidays have important implications on the transmission of SARS-CoV2. This increased in transmission is related mainly to the behavior of the population in those days. Children, female, and elderly were the most affected categories due to these events. A thorough public health plan to limit the spread of the infection at these events should be planned and implemented ahead of time.

Impact of Low-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Brain Automatic Information Processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Laloyaux ◽  
M. Ansseau ◽  
M. Hansenne
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Automatic Information Processing ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Impact

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is considered a powerful method for the study of the relationships between cortical activity and cognitive processes. Previous ERPs studies that focused on P300 response have shown that inhibitory/excitatory effects on prefrontal cortex (PFC), induced by low- and high-frequency rTMS, were able to modulate controlled but not automatic information processing. The present study assessed the impact of inhibition over left and right PFC induced by rTMS on mismatch negativity (MMN), which is known to represent automatic cerebral processes for detecting change. Auditory MMN was recorded in 20 subjects before and after application of left and right PFC 1-Hz rTMS for 15 min. MMN was also recorded before and after a sham-occipital 1-Hz rTMS as control condition. Results showed that 1-Hz rTMS induced no modification to either MMN latency or amplitude. In addition, N100 and P200 components to the frequent tones were not affected by rTMS. These results are consistent with previous findings showing that rTMS over both PFC is unable to disrupt automatic information processing. However, since two sites were stimulated in the present study, no definite conclusions about the inability of rTMS to disrupt automatic processing can be made.

Retrograde shear rate in formerly preeclamptic and healthy women before and after exercise training: relationship with endothelial function

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (3) ◽  
pp. H418-H425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph R. Scholten ◽  
Marc E. A. Spaanderman ◽  
Daniel J. Green ◽  
Maria T. E. Hopman ◽  
Dick H. J. Thijssen
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Retrograde Shear

Blood flow patterns in conduit arteries characterized by high levels of retrograde shear stress can be detrimental for vascular health. In this study we examined whether retrograde shear rate and endothelial function are related in healthy and formerly preeclamptic (PE) women and whether this relationship is altered by exercise training. Formerly PE women (32 ± 4 yr, n = 20) and controls (32 ± 4 yr, n = 20), all 6–12 mo postpartum, performed 12-wk aerobic exercise training. We measured brachial artery shear rate (SR) and endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation (FMD, echo-Doppler). We additionally performed power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and calculated low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio. Antegrade SR was not different between groups, while retrograde SR was significantly higher and FMD% lower in PE women compared with controls (both P < 0.05). Retrograde shear correlated strongly with FMD% in PE women and controls ( P < 0.05). LF/HF ratio inversely correlated with brachial artery retrograde SR and FMD% (both P < 0.05) in PE women and controls. Exercise training reduced retrograde shear, improved FMD%, and reduced LF/HF ratios similarly in both groups (all P < 0.05). Training-induced changes in retrograde SR correlated with changes in FMD% and LF/HF ratio. A higher brachial artery retrograde SR relates to lower brachial artery endothelial function, in both controls and formerly PE women. Exercise training improves retrograde SR, while the magnitude of this change correlated strongly with improvements in FMD and reductions in LF/HF ratio. Therefore, the impact of PE and exercise training on endothelial health may, at least partly, be related to retrograde shear rate.

scholarly journals Investigation on Properties of Cement Bitumen Emulsion Mortars (CBEM) in Consideration of Emulsifier Types

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Zhuoran Liu ◽  
Jinyang Huo ◽  
Zhenjun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Viscoelastic Property ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer ◽  
Bitumen Emulsion ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

In order to investigate the influences of emulsifier types on properties of cement bitumen emulsion mortars (CBEM), anionic and cationic emulsifiers were used to prepare CBEM in this work. Influences of anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions on workability, mechanical properties, and viscoelastic property of CBEM were studied. The workability of CBEM was evaluated by fluidity and extensibility tests. The mechanical properties were assessed by compressive strength and flexural strength tests. XRD was used to analyze the phase before and after bitumen emulsion was added. The viscoelastic property was studied by a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The results show that CBEM prepared by cationic bitumen emulsion (CBE) has better workability. The mechanical properties of CBEM are negatively affected by bitumen emulsion. The impact on the compressive strength of CBEM prepared by CBE is higher. Bitumen emulsion can significantly improve the viscoelastic property of CBEM. With the increase of bitumen emulsion dosage, the loss factor of CBEM increases. The viscoelastic property at low frequency is better than that at high frequency. In contrast to CBEM prepared by CBE, CBEM prepared with anionic bitumen emulsion (ABE) possesses better viscoelastic property.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Role of Occurrence Losses in Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance Pricing

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Shree Khare ◽  
Keven Roy
Keyword(s):  
Order Statistics ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Market Practice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Catastrophe Reinsurance

The aim of this paper is to merge order statistics with natural catastrophe reinsurance pricing to develop new theoretical and practical insights relevant to market practice and model development. We present a novel framework to quantify the role that occurrence losses (order statistics) play in pricing of catastrophe excess of loss (catXL) contracts. Our framework enables one to analytically quantify the contribution of a given occurrence loss to the mean and covariance structure, before and after the application of a catXL contract. We demonstrate the utility of our framework with an application to idealized catastrophe models for a multi-peril and a hurricane-only case. For the multi-peril case, we show precisely how contributions to so-called lower layers are dominated by high frequency perils, whereas higher layers are dominated by low-frequency high severity perils. Our framework enables market practitioners and model developers to assess and understand the impact of altered model assumptions on the role of occurrence losses in catXL pricing.

The impact of brief exposure to the second language on native language production: Global or item specific?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-183
Author(s):  
Tamar Degani ◽  
Hamutal Kreiner ◽  
Haya Ataria ◽  
Farha Khateeb
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exposure Error ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBilinguals routinely shift between their languages, changing languages between communicative settings. To test the consequences of such changes in language use, 48 Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals named pictures in Arabic (L1) before and after a brief exposure manipulation, including either reading a list of Hebrew (L2) words aloud or performing a nonlinguistic task. Half of the items post-exposure were new and half were translation equivalents of the words presented during the L2 exposure task. Further, half of the items were very low-frequency L1 words, typically replaced by borrowed L2 words. Results show that across word types bilinguals were less accurate and produced more L2 cross-language errors in their dominant L1 following brief L2 exposure. Error rates were comparable for translation equivalents and new items, but more cross-language errors were observed post-exposure on translation equivalents. These findings demonstrate the engagement of both global whole-language control mechanisms and item-based competitive processes, and highlight the importance of language context and the dynamic nature of bilingual performance.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LAYANG JANTI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN TATA RUANG KAWASAN JANTI STUDI KASUS : KAWASAN JANTI, DESA CATURTUNGGAL, KABUPATEN SLEMAN, D. I. YOGYAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Jeky El Boru
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
The Road ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Linkage Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parking Place

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the impact of Janti Flyover Construction toward the growth of layout at Janti Urban Area, including structured space, open space, and linkage. Method used for data collecting are observation, air photograph monitoring, and interview, whereas the analysis method is qualitative description, which is the superimposed method of two layers, that are the layout condition before and after flyover construction. The result shows that the impact of Janti Flyover construction can be seen on building mass (solid), the increasing number of open spaces, including the road network, parking place, and park, whereas the relation between spaces, visually and structurally, can be seen on the growth of buildings which have new shapes and styles, therefore the performance of the overall building does not have a proportional shape. Considering Janti Street at the collective relation, its role is getting stronger as the main frame road network.Keywords: Flyover construction, layout changing, Janti AreaAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terhadap perkembangan tata ruang Kawasan Janti, meliputi ruang terbangun, ruang terbuka, serta hubungan antar ruang (“linkage”). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, pengamatan foto udara, dan wawancara; sedangkan metode analisis melalui deskripsi secara kualitatif yang berupa “superimposed method” dari dua lapisan kondisi lahan, yakni kondisi tata ruang sebelum dan sesudah pembangunan jalan layang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terdapat pada massa bangunan (“solid”), pertambahan ruang terbuka yang berupa jaringan jalan, parkir, dan taman; sedangkan pada hubungan antar ruang ̶ secara visual dan struktural ̶ yakni tumbuhnya bangunan dengan bentuk dan gaya baru, sehingga bentuk tampilan bangunan secara keseluruhan tidak proporsional. Pada hubungan kolektif, Jalan Janti semakin kuat perannya sebagai kerangka utama jaringan jalan.Kata kunci : Pembangunan jalan layang, tata ruang, Kawasan Janti

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