White and Red Sorghum as Primary Carbohydrate Sources in Extruded Diets of Felines

The research objectives were to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of white (WSH) and red (RSH) sorghum grains on gastrointestinal health of felines through the determination of apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD), fecal characteristics, fermentative end-products, and microbiota, compared with a traditional corn-based diet. We hypothesize that inclusion of RSH and WSH, respectively, would be well-accepted by cats, and the RSH and WSH diets would be comparable to corn when added as the main carbohydrate source in extruded diets. Three diets containing 30% corn, 30% WSH, or 30% RSH were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profiles for cats during growth. Nine male cats (0.8 ± 0.00 yr) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments using a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Experimental periods consisted of 14 d (10 d of diet adaption and 4 d of total and fresh fecal collections). The ATTD of dry matter (DM) did not differ amongst treatments, organic matter was greatest (P < 0.05) for both sorghum diets (86.4%) and lowest for the corn diet (84.2%), crude protein was comparable among diets ranging from 84.5 to 86.6%, acid hydrolyzed fat was high among diets varying between 91.4 and 92.8%, and total dietary fiber was greatest (P < 0.05) for the WSH diet (56.0%) with the corn diet being lowest (44.7%). Digestible energy was greatest (P < 0.05) for the WSH diet (4.66 kcal/g) and lowest for the corn diet (4.54 kcal/g), with the RSH diet being intermediate (4.64; P > 0.05). Fecal pH (6.3–6.5) and most fecal metabolites did not differ among diets except for phenol/indole concentrations that were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cats fed the RSH diet (1.5 μmole/g DM) than for cats fed the corn diet (2.1 μmole/g DM). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the major phyla observed in the microbiota of feces of cats fed the three experimental diets, with no differences seen amongst all treatments. Data indicate that dietary supplementation of these varieties of WSH and RSH as carbohydrate sources were well-tolerated by the cat.

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244 White and red sorghum as primary carbohydrate sources in extruded diets of felines

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.129 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 62-62

Author(s):

Patrick von Schaumburg ◽

Fei He ◽

Heather Mangian ◽

Jolene Hoke ◽

Maria R C de Godoy

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Latin Square ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Gastrointestinal Health ◽

Sorghum Grains ◽

Food Market ◽

Fecal Ph ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract The human interest of ancient grains replacing modern carbohydrate sources has reached the pet food market, and there has been increased focus on corn- and wheat-free diets in pet foods. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of white and red sorghum grains on the gastrointestinal health of felines through the determination of apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD), fecal characteristics, fermentative end-products, microbiota, and how the sorghum grains compared against a traditionally corn-based diet. Three diets containing 30% corn (CO), 30% white sorghum (WS), or 30% red sorghum (RS) were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2017) nutritional requirements for felines. Nine male cats were randomly assigned to one of the 3 dietary treatments using a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Experiment periods consisted of 14 days (10 days of diet adaption + 4 days of total, fresh collection). All diets were highly digested by cats, however, ATTD of dry matter was highest (P < 0.05) for RS (81.13%) and lowest for CO (78.28%), organic matter was greatest (P < 0.05) for RS (86.40%) and lowest for CO (84.15%), crude protein was similar amongst diets with a range of 84.52%-86.57%, acid hydrolyzed fat was similar amongst diets with a range of 91.36%–92.79%, and total dietary fiber was greatest (P < 0.05) in WS (55.96%) with CO being lowest (44.66%). Fecal pH (6.28–6.54) and most metabolites did not differ among diets (P > 0.05), except for phenol/indole concentrations that were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cats fed RS (178.88 ug/g) compared to CO (240.34 ug/g). Overall, the data gathered suggest that dietary supplementation of WS and RS as carbohydrate sources were well tolerated by the cats. Thus, sorghum is an acceptable alternative to corn in extruded diets of felines.

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Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab080 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zachary T Traughber ◽

Fei He ◽

Jolene M Hoke ◽

Gary M Davenport ◽

Maria R C de Godoy

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Food Market ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Ancient grains are becoming an increasingly abundant carbohydrate source in the pet food market as a result of their popularity and novelty in the human market. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the characteristics of these ingredients in vivo. Ten adult intact female beagles were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Five dietary treatments were evaluated containing either: rice (CON), amaranth (AM), white proso millet (WPM), quinoa (QU), or oat groats (OG). All diets were formulated to include 40% of the test grain and to be isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and nutritionally complete and balanced for adult dogs at maintenance. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the effects of the novel carbohydrate sources on total apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), fecal microbiota, and fermentative end-product concentrations and (2) to evaluate the effects of novel carbohydrate sources on the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adult dogs. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs and fecal scores remained within ideal range for all treatments. In terms of ATTD, all diets were well-digested by the dogs; WPM had the highest digestibility of dry and organic matter in contrast with dogs fed the other treatments (P < 0.05). Additionally, ATTD of total dietary fiber was highest for WPM (72.6%) in contrast with QU (63.5%) and CON (50.8%) but did not differ from AM (65.7%) and OG (66.6%). Dogs fed AM or OG had greater (P < 0.05) fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, as well as propionate and butyrate concentrations, than CON. Ancient grain inclusion appears to beneficially shift fecal microbial populations, with increases in relative abundances of butyrogenic bacteria (i.e., members of the Lachnospiraceae family) observed for OG and reductions in Fusobacteriaceae for both AM and OG when compared with CON. Post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses did not differ among treatments. Together, these data suggest that ancient grains can be included up to 40% of the diet while eliciting beneficial effects on overall host health without detrimentally affecting nutrient digestibility.

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Dietary supplementation of a fiber-prebiotic and saccharin-eugenol blend in extruded diets fed to dogs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz293 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (11) ◽

pp. 4519-4531 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Juliana Paschoalin De Souza Nogueira ◽

Fei He ◽

Heather F Mangian ◽

Patricia Massae Oba ◽

Maria R C De Godoy

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Latin Square ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Gut Health ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Prebiotics and dietary fibers are nondigestible ingredients that may confer benefits to the host by selectively stimulating beneficial intestinal bacteria and microbial-derived metabolites that support gut and host health. This experiment evaluated the effects of a blend of prebiotics and dietary fibers on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and fecal metabolites related to gastrointestinal health in adult dogs. Four diets containing either 5% cellulose (control; CT), 5% dietary fiber and prebiotic blend (FP), 0.02% saccharin and eugenol (SE), or 5% fiber blend plus 0.02% saccharin and eugenol (FSE) were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2017) nutritional requirements for adult dogs. Eight adult female beagles (mean age 4.2 ± 1.1 yr; mean BW = 10.8 ± 1.4 kg; mean BCS = 5.8 ± 0.6) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period consisted of 14 d (10 d of diet adaptation and 4 d of total and fresh fecal and total urine collection). All animals remained healthy throughout the study, with serum metabolites being within reference ranges for adult dogs. All diets were well accepted by the dogs, resulting in similar (P > 0.05) daily food intakes among treatments. Likewise, fecal output and scores did not differ (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments, with the latter being within the ideal range (2.5–2.9) in a 5-point scale. All diets were highly digestible and had similar (P > 0.05) ATTD of dry matter (81.6%–84.4%), organic matter (86.4%–87.3%), and crude protein (86.6%–87.3%). However, total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibility was greater for dogs fed the FSE diet (P < 0.05) in contrast with dogs fed the CT and SE diets, whereas dogs fed FP diets had intermediate TDF digestibility, but not different from all other treatments. Fecal acetate and propionate concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for dogs fed FP and FSE diets. Fecal concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater for dogs fed CT (P < 0.05) compared with dogs fed the other three treatments. No shifts in fecal microbial richness and diversity were observed among dietary treatments. Overall, the data suggest that dietary supplementation of fiber and prebiotic blend was well tolerated by dogs, did not cause detrimental effects on fecal quality or nutrient digestibility, and resulted in beneficial shifts in fecal metabolites that may support gut health.

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Graded Dietary Resistant Starch Concentrations on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Fermentative End-Products and Microbial Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa409 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alison N Beloshapka ◽

Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽

Kelly S Swanson

Keyword(s):

Resistant Starch ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Gastrointestinal Health ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Fecal Ph ◽

High Level

Abstract Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut, but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. An incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square design with 7 dogs and 5 experimental periods was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (d 0-17 adaptation; d 18-21 fresh and total fecal collection) and each dog serving as its own control. Seven dogs (mean age = 5.3 yr; mean BW = 20 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments formulated to be iso-energetic and consisting of graded amounts of 100% amylopectin cornstarch, RS, and cellulose, and fed as a top dressing on the food each day. All dogs were fed the same amount of a basal diet throughout the study and fresh water was offered ad libitum. The basal diet contained 6.25% RS (DM basis), contributing approximately 18.3 g of RS/d based on their daily food intake (292.5 g DM/d). Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. The treatments included 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of an additional RS source. Because Hi-maize 260 is approximately 40% digestible and 60% indigestible starch, the dogs received the following amounts of RS daily: 0% = 18.3 g (18.3 g + 0 g); 1% = 20.1 g (18.3 g + 1.8 g); 2% = 21.9 g (18.3 g + 3.6 g); 3% = 23.7 g (18.3 g + 5.4 g); and 4% = 25.5 g (18.3 g + 7.2 g). Apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities and fecal pH were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations were not affected by RS consumption. Although most fecal microbial taxa were not altered, Faecalibacterium were increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. The decrease in fecal pH and increase in fecal Faecalibacterium would be viewed as being beneficial to gastrointestinal health. Although our results seem to indicate that RS is poorly and/or slowly fermentable in dogs, the lack of observed change may have been due to the rather high level of RS contained in the basal diet.

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Response of breeding sows to long term dietary supplementation with folic acid

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600026982 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 153-153

Author(s):

P.B. Lynch ◽

P.J.A. Sheehy

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Red Cell ◽

Restricted Feeding ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Soyabean Meal ◽

Dietary Treatments

Dietary supplementation with folic acid has been shown to improve reproductive performance in sows (Lindemann 1993). However most studies have been for one cycle only and few have examined the effect of supplementation over several parities.One hundred and thirty four crossbred sows ranging in parity from 2 to 4 were selected at farrowing and randomly allocated to two dietary treatments of low and high supplemental folic acid (0 and 10 g per tonne, Roche Products Ltd.). Treatments were applied for the following three lactations and post weaning periods, two full pregnancies and to day 30 of the pregnancy following the third lactation. The diet fed contained barley, wheat, soyabean meal and meat and bone meal with nutrient levels of 14.0 MJ DE/kg and 1.02% lysine. Sows were individually penned throughout with restricted feeding in pregnancy (2.2 kg/day increasing to 2.5 kg/day in the final month), and ad libitum in lactation (approx 5.0 kg/day) and post weaning (approx 3.4 kg/day). Blood samples for determination of plasma and red cell folate were taken from 14 sows per treatment on days 4, 50 and 110 of one cycle. These were determined by a microbiological assay (modification of methods of Scott et al 1974 and Wilson and Home 1982).

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PSXI-36 Evaluation of fecal microbiota of dogs fed extruded diets containing white and red sorghum as primary carbohydrate source

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.570 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 319-320

Author(s):

Patrick von Schaumburg ◽

Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas ◽

Bruce R Southy ◽

Maria R C de Godoy

Keyword(s):

Linear Models ◽

Institutional Care ◽

Latin Square ◽

Metabolite Profile ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Care Protocol ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The University

Abstract Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a cereal grain consisting of either white, yellow, red, brown or black endosperms. In human and pet nutrition, sorghum has gained increased attention as a gluten-free and non-GMO whole-grain option. However, a paucity of information exists about the effect of this cereal grain on the GI microbiome and host health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extruded diets containing corn (CON), white sorghum (WHS) or red sorghum (RES) as the main carbohydrate source on fecal microbiota and metabolites in dogs. Animal care protocol used in this study was approved by the Institutional Care and Use Committee at the University of Illinois. Three diets containing either 30% of CON, WHS, or RES were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profile for adult dogs. Nine adult female beagles were randomly assigned to one of the 3 dietary treatments using a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Each experiment period consisted of 14d (10d of diet adaption and 4d of fecal collection). Fresh fecal samples were collected and allocated for microbial analysis. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing from V4 region was completed using MiSeq and analyzed using QIIME 2. Linear models were used to evaluate the main effect of treatment. Over 1.8 million sequences were generated. Samples were rarified to 42,160 reads for analysis of diversity and species richness. Beta-diversity did not differ among dogs fed CON, WHS, or RES diets (q- and p-values > 0.05). Similarly, microbial richness was also not affected by treatment. Overall, fecal metabolite concentrations were similar among treatments and did not have a strong correlated with microbial taxa. Our findings indicate that extruded diets using sorghum as a substitute for corn as the main dietary carbohydrate result in similar fecal metabolite profile and microbiota in adult dogs.

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PSVI-27 Novel dietary blends improve stool quality and alter fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers of healthy adult cats

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.564 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 316-317

Author(s):

Anne H Lee ◽

Sungho Do ◽

Amy Schauwecker ◽

Kelly S Swanson

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Control Diet ◽

Latin Square ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Immune Markers ◽

Gastrointestinal Health ◽

Fecal Ph

Abstract Functional ingredients may support gastrointestinal and immune health, but little is known in cats. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of diets containing a blend of fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, and/or immune mediators on stool quality and fecal microbiota, metabolites and immune markers of cats. Twelve healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (age = 9.6±4.0 yr; BW = 3.9±1.0 kg) were used in a replicated 3x3 Latin square design to test diets containing 1) no prebiotics or probiotics (Control), 2) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend-containing formula (Test1), and 3) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immuno-modulating ingredient-containing formula (Test2). In each 28-d period, 22d of diet adaptation was followed by fecal and blood sample collection. All procedures were approved by the Kennelwood, Inc. IACUC prior to experimentation. All data were analyzed using Mixed model procedures of SAS 9.4, with significance set at P< 0.05. Fecal pH and SCFA, phenol + indole, and ammonia concentrations were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Fecal score was higher (looser stools) and fecal DM was lower in cats fed Control vs. Test2 diet. Fecal butyrate was lowest in cats fed Test2 and highest in cats fed Control. Fecal total BCFA and 7-methylindole were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 diet. Fecal IgA concentration was lower in cats fed Test2 vs. Control or Test1 diets. Fecal bacterial alpha-diversity measures of species richness were higher in cats fed Test1 or Test2 vs. Control diet. Fecal Actinobacteria and Megasphaera were higher, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Prevotella were lower, in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Our results suggest that dietary fibers, prebiotics, and probiotics affect fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers that may impact gastrointestinal health of cats.

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Partial Substitution of Maize for Sorghum With or Without Supplemental Hydrolysable Tannins on Digestibility and Postprandial Glycemia in Adult Dogs

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.667411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Liege Teixeira ◽

Caroline Fredrich Dourado Pinto ◽

Geruza Silveira Machado ◽

Alexandre de Mello Kessler ◽

Luciano Trevizan

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Latin Square ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Moderate Increase ◽

Glycemic Response ◽

Postprandial Glycemia ◽

Fecal Ph ◽

Dietary Treatments

The effect of partial substitution of maize for sorghum, containing condensed tannins (CT), with or without the addition of a purified hydrolysable tannin extract (HT), on dog apparent digestibility and glycemic response were evaluated. The trial was conducted with eight adult dogs distributed in four treatments: (M) 50% maize; (MS) 25% maize + 25% sorghum; (MHT) 50% maize + 0.10% HT; (MSHT) 25% maize + 25% sorghum + 0.10% HT; in a balanced incomplete Latin square design in three periods, with two dogs per diet, per period. Data were analyzed by ANOVA procedure and glycemic response by repeated measures ANOVA over time (P < 0.05). The phenolic compounds analyzed were not detected after extrusion process, with a reduction mainly in diets containing sorghum. There were no differences in the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and energy between the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Fecal and urinary characteristics were not changed by the addition of sorghum and HT (P > 0.05). The fecal score remained within the ideal classification as hard, dry, firm stools. A moderate increase in fecal pH was observed on dogs fed diets containing sorghum (P = 0.0948). Additionally, the partial replacement of maize for sorghum associated or not with HT do not alter the glycemic aspects evaluated among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Availability of nutrients from maize and sorghum were similar. Tannins did not interfere in the nutritional capacity of the ingredients.

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Authenticity of speciality sugars – Determination of carbohydrate source and geographical origin of invert sugar syrup and burnt sugar syrup

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si18169 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 87-91

Author(s):

Andreas G. Degenhardt ◽

Elke Jansen ◽

Timo, J. Koch

Keyword(s):

Geographical Origin ◽

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Isotope Ratios ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

C4 Plants ◽

Yeast Fermentation ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Sugar Syrup

Modern instrumental analytical methods for the determination of 13C/12C ratios are established to differentiate between metabolic products of C3 and C4 plants. Differentiation and identification of sucrose from pure beet (Beta vulgaris) and pure cane (Saccharum officinarum) are possible without doubt. Influenced by the worldwide hydrological cycle the determination of the isotope ratios of 2H/1H and 18O/16O as well as their variations provide information about geographical origin. Using samples of selected crystal cane sugar (CCS) with known origin, invert sugar syrups (ISS) as well as burnt sugar syrups (BSS) produced therefrom, the authenticity was determined. The speciality sugars ISS and BSS which were made from CCS could be identified as carbohydrates of C4 plants by using 13C/12C Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). In combination with yeast fermentation of ISS and sugar separation from BSS and fermentation into ethanol as well as knowledge about production water, the C2-H/O isotope ratios of ethanol can theoretically determine the geographical origin of the sugars.

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PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.497 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 275-276

Author(s):

Jichen Song ◽

Charles Martin Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Final Model ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P < 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

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