scholarly journals Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Buckle ◽  
Rudolfo Bueno ◽  
Andrew McFadden ◽  
Mary van Andel ◽  
Richard Spence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. Surveillance is often limited in endemic areas, relying predominantly on passive outbreak reporting. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed in previous studies. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n = 84 in Laos; n = 125 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n = 48 in Laos; n = 5 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD) using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. No FMDV RNA was detected in serum. Overall, 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past natural exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and for both cattle and buffalo, and were not significantly different between age groups. Detectable FMDV RNA present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar demonstrates the importance of sampling asymptomatic animals as part of surveillance, and may indicate that subclinical infection plays a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries.

Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. e104-e112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Qiu ◽  
R. Abila ◽  
P. Rodtian ◽  
D. P. King ◽  
N. J. Knowles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Clinical and virological dynamics of a serotype O 2010 South East Asia lineage foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep using natural and simulated natural inoculation and exposure systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 178 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Stenfeldt ◽  
Juan M. Pacheco ◽  
Nagendrakumar B. Singanallur ◽  
Helena C. de Carvalho Ferreira ◽  
Wilna Vosloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage

Virus Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyeon Bae ◽  
Vladimir Li ◽  
Juyong Hong ◽  
Jin Nam Kim ◽  
Heebal Kim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.

scholarly journals Foot and Mouth Disease: Exotic Animal Disease that must be Alert of Entry into Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
R.M. Abdul Adjid
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Disease Attack

<p>Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease attack cloven hoofed animals. Among the animals primarly livestock sensitive including cattles, bufalloes, pigs, sheed, and goats. The causative agent is the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). This disease is greatly feared by all countries as livestocks producer because it may raised great loss of economic impact. There are still many countries in the wolrd that are not yet free from FMD. The World Animal Health Organization (OIE/ Office des Internationale Epizootis) has included this disease in the list of disease taht must be reported “notifiable disease”. This FMD has become exotic for Indonesia since 1990, and currently included in the list of strategic infectious animal diseases in Indonesia. With current situation where the traffic of people and goods between countries in the world is very fast and frequent, it is possible for the disease to enter Indonesian territory. This paper discusses the FMD with aim of increasing alertness and readiness in preventing the entry and spread of the disease to Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals Designing Functionally Versatile, Highly Immunogenic Peptide-Based Multiepitopic Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Sira Defaus ◽  
Mar Forner ◽  
Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz ◽  
Patricia de León ◽  
María J. Bustos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

A broadly protective and biosafe vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an unmet need in the animal health sector. We have previously reported solid protection against serotype O FMDV afforded by dendrimeric peptide structures harboring virus-specific B- and T-cell epitopes, and also shown such type of multivalent presentations to be advantageous over simple B-T-epitope linear juxtaposition. Chemically, our vaccine platforms are modular constructions readily made from specified B- and T-cell epitope precursor peptides that are conjugated in solution. With the aim of developing an improved version of our formulations to be used for on-demand vaccine applications, we evaluate in this study a novel design for epitope presentation to the immune system based on a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) containing six immunologically relevant motifs arranged in dendrimeric fashion (named B2T-TB2). Interestingly, two B2T units fused tail-to-tail into a single homodimer platform elicited higher B- and T-cell specific responses than former candidates, with immunization scores remaining stable even after 4 months. Moreover, this macromolecular assembly shows consistent immune response in swine, the natural FMDV host, at reduced dose. Thus, our versatile, immunogenic prototype can find application in the development of peptide-based vaccine candidates for various therapeutic uses using safer and more efficacious vaccination regimens.

scholarly journals Targeted FMD Vaccines for Eastern Africa: The AgResults Foot and Mouth Disease Challenge Project

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Jef M. Hammond ◽  
Badi Maulidi ◽  
Nina Henning
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Foot And Mouth

As one of the most infectious livestock diseases in the world, foot and mouth disease (FMD) presents a constant global threat to animal trade and national economies. FMD remains a severe constraint on development and poverty reduction throughout the developing world due to many reasons, including the cost of control measures, closure of access to valuable global FMD-free markets for livestock products, production losses through reduced milk yield, reduced live weight gain, and the inability of infected livestock to perform traction. FMD virus infects a variety of cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, swine, all wild ruminants, and suidae, with high morbidity in adult animals. High mortality can occur in young animals due to myocarditis. FMD is endemic in Africa, most of Asia, the Middle East, and parts of South America. The global clustering of FMD viruses has been divided into seven virus pools, where multiple serotypes occur but within which are topotypes that remain mostly confined to that pool. Three pools cover Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; three pools cover Africa; and one pool covers the Americas. The highly infectious nature of FMDV, the existence of numerous continually circulating serotypes and associated topotypes, the potential for wildlife reservoirs, and the frequent emergence of new strains that are poorly matched to existing vaccines all serve to compound the difficulties faced by the governments of endemic countries to effectively control and reduce the burden of the disease at the national and regional levels. This clustering of viruses suggests that if vaccination is to be a major tool for control, each pool could benefit from the use of tailored or more specific vaccines relevant to the topotypes present in that pool, rather than a continued reliance on the currently more widely available vaccines. It should also be noted that, currently, there are varying degrees of effort to identify improved vaccines in different regions. There are relatively few targeted for use in Africa, while the developed world’s vaccine banks have a good stock of vaccines destined for emergency outbreak use in FMDV-free countries. The AgResults Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine Challenge Project (the “Project”) is an eight-year, US $17.68 million prize competition that supports the development and uptake of high-quality quadrivalent FMD vaccines tailored to meet the needs of Eastern Africa (EA). The Project targets the following Pool Four countries: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The Project is being run in two phases: a development phase, which will encourage the production of regionally relevant vaccines, and a cost-share phase, designed to help to reduce the price of these vaccines in the marketplace to the end users, which is hoped will encourage broader uptake. Manufacturers can submit quadrivalent FMD vaccines containing serotypes A, O, SAT1, and SAT2, which will be assessed as relevant for use in the region through a unique component of the Project requiring the screening of vaccines against the Eastern Africa Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Reference Antigen Panel assembled by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), at the Pirbright Institute, UK, in collaboration with the OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network. To be eligible for the Project, sera from vaccinated cattle will be used to evaluate serological responses of FMD vaccines for their suitability for use in Eastern African countries. If they pass a determined cut-off threshold, they will be confirmed as relevant for use in the region and will be entered into the Project’s cost-share phase.

scholarly journals Foot and mouth disease virus: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 027-035
Author(s):  
Rawaa S. Jumaa ◽  
Sabrin I. Mohsin ◽  
Dhuha I. Abdulmjeed ◽  
Osama F Atshan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Icosahedral Symmetry ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

As seen by prior tragic outbreaks in many places throughout the world, the foot and mouth disease virus, or "FMDV," is one of the most critical challenges in animal health. In this review, the major features of FMDV, as well as aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts, were discussed. On the other hand, present and upcoming FMD treatment approaches. The first vertebrate virus found was the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). A capsid protein and the viral genome (+ve sense single strand RNA) make up FMDV. The icosahedral symmetry of the viral structure is made up of structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) as well as non-structural proteins (L, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The viral replication takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Because FMDV has a short incubation period, it spreads quickly. Direct contact is the most often used method of FMDV transmission. The occurrence of direct contact via aerosol and mechanical transmission (fomites, feed, and water). The immunological response is stimulated by the infection with FMD. However, due to virus antigenic diversity, the immune response does not always protect against FMD (antigenic shift). FMDV is divided into seven serotypes based on antigenic variation. O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1 are the serotypes in question. O is the most frequent serotype.

Genetic and immunologic relationships between vaccine and field strains for vaccine selection of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in East Asia

Vaccine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo-Yong Lee ◽  
Min-Eun Park ◽  
Rae-Hyung Kim ◽  
Mi-Kyeong Ko ◽  
Kwang-Nyeong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Type A ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Selection Of

High resolution surface structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-377
Author(s):  
S. S. Breese ◽  
H. L. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Models for the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been proposed from chemical and physical measurements (Brown, et al., 1970; Talbot and Brown, 1972; Strohmaier and Adam, 1976) and from rotational image-enhancement electron microscopy (Breese, et al., 1965). In this report we examine the surface structure of FMDV particles by high resolution electron microscopy and compare it with that of particles in which the outermost capsid protein VP3 (ca. 30, 000 daltons) has been split into smaller segments, two of which VP3a and VP3b have molecular weights of about 15, 000 daltons (Bachrach, et al., 1975).Highly purified and concentrated type A12, strain 119 FMDV (5 mg/ml) was prepared as previously described (Bachrach, et al., 1964) and stored at 4°C in 0. 2 M KC1-0. 5 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7. 5. For electron microscopy, 1. 0 ml samples of purified virus and trypsin-treated virus were dialyzed at 4°C against 0. 2 M NH4OAC at pH 7. 3, deposited onto carbonized formvar-coated copper screens and stained with phosphotungstic acid, pH 7. 3.

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