scholarly journals Are Wealthier Times Healthier in Cities? Economic Fluctuations and Mortality in Urban Areas of Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Marcelo Leveau ◽  
José A. Tapia Granados ◽  
Maria Izabel Dos Santos ◽  
Marianela Castillo-Riquelme ◽  
Marcio Alazraqui
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Time Invariant

Objective: To analyze the relationship between economic conditions and mortality in cities of Latin America.Methods: We analyzed data from 340 urban areas in ten countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and El Salvador. We used panel models adjusted for space‐invariant and time‐invariant factors to examine whether changes in area gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were associated with changes in mortality.Results: We find procyclical oscillations in mortality (i.e., higher mortality with higher GDP per capita) for total mortality, female population, populations of 0–9 and 45+ years, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections and road traffic injuries. Homicides appear countercyclical, with higher levels at lower GDP per capita.Conclusions: Our results reveal large heterogeneity, but in our sample of cities, for specific population groups and causes of death, mortality oscillates procyclically, increasing when GDP per capita increases. In contrast we find few instances of countercyclical mortality.

scholarly journals Globalization and educational inequality during the 18th to 20th centuries: Latin America in global comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Baten ◽  
Christina Mumme
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich

AbstractThis paper explores the inequality of numeracy and education by studying school years and numeracy of the rich and poor, as well as of tall and short individuals. To estimate numeracy, the age-heaping method is used for the 18th to early 20th centuries. Testing the hypothesis that globalization might have increased the inequality of education, we find evidence that 19th century globalization actually increased inequality in Latin America, but 20th century globalization had positive effects by reducing educational inequality in a broader sample of developing countries. Moreover, we find strong evidence for Kuznets’s inverted U hypothesis, that is, rising educational inequality with GDP per capita in the period until 1913 and the opposite after 1945.

Forecasting global road traffic injury mortality for 2030

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Inada ◽  
Qingfeng Li ◽  
Abdulgafoor Bachani ◽  
Adnan A Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Road Traffic Injury ◽  
Population Projection ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Years Of Schooling

ObjectiveTo forecast the number and rate of deaths from road traffic injuries (RTI) in the world in 2030.MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of annual country-level data of RTI mortality rates for 1990–2017 in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study, population projection for 2030, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for 1990–2030 and average years of schooling among people aged 15 years+ for 1990–2030. We developed up to 6884 combinations of forecasting models for each subgroup stratified by country, sex and mode of transport using linear and squared year, GDP per capita and average years of schooling as potential predictors. We conducted a fixed-size, rolling window out-of-sample forecast to choose the best combination for each subgroup. In the validation, we used the data for 1990–2002, 1991–2003 and 1992–2004 (fit periods) to forecast mortality rates in 2015, 2016 and 2017 (test periods), respectively. We applied the selected combination of models to the data for 1990–2017 to forecast the mortality rate in 2030 for each subgroup. To forecast the number of deaths, we multiplied the forecasted mortality rates by the corresponding population projection.ResultsDuring the test periods, the selected combination of models produced the number of deaths that is higher than that estimated in the GBD Study by 5.1% collectively. Our model resulted in 1.225 million deaths and 14.3 deaths per 100 000 population in 2030, which were 1% and 12% less than those for 2017 in the GBD Study, respectively.ConclusionsThe world needs to accelerate its efforts towards achieving the Decade of Action for Road Safety goal and the Sustainable Development Goals target.

scholarly journals Economic development and road traffic injuries and fatalities in Thailand: an application of spatial panel data analysis, 2012–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rapeepong Suphanchaimat ◽  
Vorasith Sornsrivichai ◽  
Supon Limwattananon ◽  
Panithee Thammawijaya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Incidence Proportion ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) have been one of the most critical public health problems in Thailand for decades. The objective of this study was to examine to what extent provincial economy was associated with RTIs, road traffic deaths and case fatality rate in Thailand. Methods A secondary data analysis on time-series data was applied. The unit of analysis was a panel of 77 provinces during 2012–2016. Data were obtained from relevant public authorities, including the Ministry of Public Health. Descriptive statistics and econometric models, using negative binomial (NB) regression, negative binomial regression with random-effects (RE) model, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) were employed. The main predictor variable was gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the outcome variables were incidence proportion of RTIs, traffic deaths and case fatality rate. The analysis was adjusted for key covariates. Results The incidence proportion of RTIs rose from 449.0 to 524.9 cases per 100,000 population from 2012 till 2016, whereas the incidence of traffic fatalities fluctuated between 29.7 and 33.2 deaths per 100,000 population. Case fatality rate steadily stood at 0.06–0.07 deaths per victim. RTIs and traffic deaths appeared to be positively correlated with provincial economy in the NB regression and the RE model. In the SDM, a log-Baht increase in GDP per capita (equivalent to a growth of GDP per capita by about 2.7 times) enlarged the incidence proportion of injuries and deaths by about a quarter (23.8–30.7%) with statistical significance. No statistical significance was found in case fatality rate by the SDM. The SDM also presented the best model fitness relative to other models. Conclusion The incidence proportion of traffic injuries and deaths appeared to rise alongside provincial prosperity. This means that RTIs-preventive measures should be more intensified in economically well-off areas. Furthermore, entrepreneurs and business sectors that gain economic benefit in a particular province should share responsibility in RTIs prevention in the area where their businesses are running. Further studies that explore others determinants of road safety, such as patterns of vehicles used, attitudes and knowledge of motorists, investment in safety measures, and compliance with traffic laws, are recommended.

scholarly journals Sorry it took me so long: Latin America and rapid governments’ response to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-130
Author(s):  
Ian Rebouças Batista ◽  
Amanda Domingos ◽  
Rodrigo Lins
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries

When facing the COVID-19 pandemic, what was key to governments’ response velocity throughout Latin America? The region had more information on what to do to prevent the disease from spreading itself and social isolation was the most recommended measure to avoid contamination. Still, Latin American countries varied greatly on how fast they adopted strict social isolation measures. We deploy an explanatory work on which institutional designs collaborates with higher delay in governments’ adoption of these measures. Among the institutional variables considered, we find that our variable of interest (delay) correlates strongly and positively with democracy, negatively with concentration of power, and positively with GDP per capita. These might suggest that autocrats faced less institutional and moral constraints to act, while democratic leaders dealing with pluralism and accountability faced higher costs to implement such measures. Due to the small sample, we next investigate  ’ experience looking for examples for the found correlations.Keywords: Government’s delay; COVID-19; Political Institutions

scholarly journals Regional Resilience in Ireland and the Existence of a Two-Tier Recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barraí Hennebry
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Regional Resilience ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract This paper focuses on the increasing regional disparities in Ireland, especially since the great recession and assesses the degree to which the recovery has been concentrated in urban areas. Ireland was initially affected by the recession to a greater extent than other countries but has recovered strongly. However, this recovery has not been evenly distributed, with some regions showing greater economic resilience. Using descriptive statistics of GDP per capita (PPP), GVA and employment, this paper examines the extent to which the recovery has been a two-tier recovery. The paper finds evidence to suggest that the recovery has been heavily concentrated in Dublin, and to a lesser extent in Cork and Galway, resulting in an urban-rural divide.

scholarly journals 1441Indirect effects of COVID-19 in Australia during 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Reynolds ◽  
Lynelle Moon ◽  
Michelle Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Focus of Presentation COVID-19 is a major health threat that has led to substantial disruption to almost all parts of society worldwide. We brought together available data to assess the impact of the first 12 months of COVID-19 in Australia, examining initial data on the indirect effects of the pandemic on Australian’s health and welfare. Findings During 2020, Australia recorded lower than expected total mortality, in contrast to many other countries where excess mortality (higher than expected deaths) was observed. Age-standardised death rates for influenza and pneumonia, and chronic lower respiratory infections during both waves of COVID-19 cases were lower than in previous years. The initial impacts of the epidemic in Australia appear to have increased levels of psychological distress. However, the number of deaths by suicide in NSW, Victoria and Queensland have remained at similar levels to previous years. Important health behaviours, such as physical activity and alcohol consumption, worsened for some people but improved for others. The travel restrictions appear to have caused a reduction in injuries due to falls and road traffic accidents, particularly during the first lockdown in March-April 2020. Conclusions/Implications Public health measures introduced to control the spread of COVID-19 in Australia had both positive and negative health effects. The impact of these effects will need to be monitored over time. Key messages The indirect effects of COVID-19 in Australia are wide-ranging and include impacts on mental health, health behaviours and deaths from other diseases.

Within-Country Analysis of the Growth–Employment–Poverty Nexus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Earnings Distributions ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin America Region

This chapter analyses the within-country growth–employment–poverty nexus. First, it calculates labour market indicators’ elasticities with respect to gross domestic product per capita growth. It finds that in the Latin America region and in most countries, labour market indicators improved with percentage increases in GDP per capita. Second, it estimates poverty elasticities with respect to employment and earnings indicators and finds that in the region and in most of the countries, poverty measures were related in the welfare-improving direction with percentage changes in some employment and earnings indicators. Finally, it analyses the patterns of earnings changes across deciles of the earnings distributions in each country and finds that 70 per cent of the country-decile cells exhibited positive earnings changes.

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