scholarly journals Globalization and educational inequality during the 18th to 20th centuries: Latin America in global comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Baten ◽  
Christina Mumme
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich

AbstractThis paper explores the inequality of numeracy and education by studying school years and numeracy of the rich and poor, as well as of tall and short individuals. To estimate numeracy, the age-heaping method is used for the 18th to early 20th centuries. Testing the hypothesis that globalization might have increased the inequality of education, we find evidence that 19th century globalization actually increased inequality in Latin America, but 20th century globalization had positive effects by reducing educational inequality in a broader sample of developing countries. Moreover, we find strong evidence for Kuznets’s inverted U hypothesis, that is, rising educational inequality with GDP per capita in the period until 1913 and the opposite after 1945.

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The West ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

scholarly journals How Much Does Economic Growth Contribute to Child Stunting Reductions?

Economies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Mary
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Child Stunting ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Per Capita

The role of economic growth in reducing child undernutrition remains an open and highly debated question that holds important implications for food security strategies. The empirical evidence has been quite contrasted, primarily in regard to the magnitude of the impacts. Yet, most studies have not (appropriately) accounted for the reverse causality between economic growth and child stunting. Using a dataset of 74 developing countries observed between 1984 and 2014, this paper develops a novel approach accounting for the reverse causal effect of stunting on GDP per capita and finds that the impacts of economic growth are much lower than estimated in most previous studies. A 10% increase in GDP per capita reduces child stunting prevalence by 2.7%. In other words, economic growth is modestly pro-poor. We also estimate that a percentage point increase in child stunting prevalence results in a 0.4% decrease in GDP per capita. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that stunting costs on average about 13.5% of GDP per capita in developing countries.

Economic Impacts of the Pandemic on the Tourism of the Developing World

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Ayca Sarialioglu Hayali ◽  
Cabir Celik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Per Capita

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020 with its policy measures and economic impacts has negatively affected the tourism industry, which is regarded as the most negatively affected one due to the nature of the sector, both directly and indirectly. In other words, through its policy measures such as restrictions on travel, it has affected the tourism sector directly, and through its economic impacts such as decreasing GDP per capita and hence total demand, it has influenced the tourism sector indirectly. In this regard, the aim of this study is to empirically investigate the economic impacts of the pandemic on tourism of the developing world for the case of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020. This is done by a panel data analysis including 38 developing countries for the nine months of 2020, January-September, the ongoing era of pandemic crisis of 2020 considering the available data. The findings support the main hypothesis of the study.

scholarly journals Impacts from Economic Development and Environmental Factors on Life Expectancy: A Comparative Study Based on Data from Both Developed and Developing Countries from 2004 to 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8559
Author(s):  
Zhiheng Chen ◽  
Yuting Ma ◽  
Junyi Hua ◽  
Yuanhong Wang ◽  
Hongpeng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urbanization Rate

Both economic development level and environmental factors have significant impacts on life expectancy at birth (LE). This paper takes LE as the research object and selects nine economic and environmental indicators with various impacts on LE. Based on a dataset of economic and environmental indicators of 20 countries from 2004 to 2016, our research uses the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to evaluate the correlation coefficients between the indicators, and we use multiple regression models to measure the impact of each indicator on LE. Based on the results from models and calculations, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the influencing mechanisms of different indicators on LE in both developed and developing countries, with conclusions as follow: (1) GDP per capita and the percentage of forest area to land area have a positive impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP and fertilizer consumption have a negative impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a positive impact on LE in developing countries. Gini coefficient and average annual exposure to PM2.5 have no significant effect on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Current healthcare expenditures per capita have a negative impact on LE in developed countries, and there is no significant impact on LE in developing countries. (2) The urbanization rate has a significant positive impact on LE in both developed countries and developing countries. Carbon dioxide emissions have a negative impact on LE in both developed and developing countries. (3) In developed countries, GDP per capita has the greatest positive impact on LE, while fertilizer consumption has the greatest negative impact on LE. In developing countries, the urbanization rate has the greatest positive impact on LE, while the Gini coefficient has the greatest negative impact on LE. To improve and prolong LE, it is suggested that countries should prioritize increasing GDP per capita and urbanization level. At the same time, countries should also work on reducing the Gini coefficient and formulating appropriate healthcare and education policies. On the other hand, countries should balance between economic development and environmental protection, putting the emphasis more on environmental protection, reducing environmental pollution, and improving the environment’s ability of self-purification.

scholarly journals Are Wealthier Times Healthier in Cities? Economic Fluctuations and Mortality in Urban Areas of Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Marcelo Leveau ◽  
José A. Tapia Granados ◽  
Maria Izabel Dos Santos ◽  
Marianela Castillo-Riquelme ◽  
Marcio Alazraqui
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Time Invariant

Objective: To analyze the relationship between economic conditions and mortality in cities of Latin America.Methods: We analyzed data from 340 urban areas in ten countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and El Salvador. We used panel models adjusted for space‐invariant and time‐invariant factors to examine whether changes in area gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were associated with changes in mortality.Results: We find procyclical oscillations in mortality (i.e., higher mortality with higher GDP per capita) for total mortality, female population, populations of 0–9 and 45+ years, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections and road traffic injuries. Homicides appear countercyclical, with higher levels at lower GDP per capita.Conclusions: Our results reveal large heterogeneity, but in our sample of cities, for specific population groups and causes of death, mortality oscillates procyclically, increasing when GDP per capita increases. In contrast we find few instances of countercyclical mortality.

scholarly journals Las Cajas de Ahorros en España durante el Régimen de Franco y la Transición Democrática : Su importancia en la economía regional

2010 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Coronas Vida
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich

En este artículo analizaremos las conexiones entre el desarrollo regional y la evolución de las cajas de ahorros, a partir del PIB regional per cápita y los depósitos en las cajas de ahorros, agrupados por regiones. El PIB real per cápita creció rápidamente en todas las regiones desde 1959 (el segundo franquismo). Aunque el crecimiento de las regiones pobres fue más fuerte que el de las ricas, en 1980 el PIB per cápita de las pobres no alcanzaba el 59% del correspondiente a las ricas (pero en 1945 era sólo el 43%). Los depósitos per cápita en las cajas de ahorros de las regiones pobres eran extremadamente reducidos en 1945 (sólo el 8% del dato correspondiente a las ricas); sin embargo en 1980 había alcanzado el 40%. El crecimiento de los depósitos en las regiones pobres fue acompañado por un crecimiento de la población débil (11% entre 1945 y 1980); por otra parte, el crecimiento demográfico en las regiones ricas alcanzó el 127%.<br /><br />In this paper we will analyse connections between regional development and the Savings Banks evolution in Spain, attending to regional GDP, per capita, and Savings Banks deposits accounts, gathered together by regions. Real GDP per capita, in all Spanish regions, increased quickly since 1959 (the 2nd Franco's era). Although, poor regions growth was stronger than that of the rich ones, in 1980, GDP per capita in poor regions didn't reach up to 59% of rich ones (even though in 1945 was only 43%).<br />Savings Banks deposits per capita in poor regions were extremely short in 1945 (only 8% of the rich ones); nevertheless, in 1980 they reached 40%. Deposit increase in poor regions was also accompanied by a short population growth (11% between 1945 and 1980); on the other hand, demographic development in rich regions reached 127%.<br />

Corruption in Latin America and How It Affects Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

2016 ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Godinez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Definition Of

Foreign direct investment has aided in a significant manner the economic development of Latin America since the early 1990s because capital in this region is limited (Blanco, 2012). Despite some criticism literature on FDI has overwhelmingly demonstrated that FDI has positive effects on host countries (Tan & Meyer, 2011) especially in Latin America (Wooster & Diebel, 2010). Authors researching the effects of FDI in Latin America have stated that this investment helps to growth on productivity (Blonigen & Wang, 2005) and thus, might help developing countries to begin their road to development. Therefore, scholars have devoted great efforts to understanding the determinants of FDI to Latin America and a brief overview will be provided in this study.This paper will present a detailed account of FDI flows to the region, a clear definition of corruption and how it is manifested in Latin America. After these definitions, suggestions are provided to deal with the problem of corruption in the region.

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