scholarly journals Evolution of Emission Species in an Aero-Engine Turbine Stator

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
André A. V. Perpignan ◽  
Stella Grazia Tomasello ◽  
Arvind Gangoli Rao
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Turbine Stator

Future energy and transport scenarios will still rely on gas turbines for energy conversion and propulsion. Gas turbines will play a major role in energy transition and therefore gas turbine performance should be improved, and their pollutant emissions decreased. Consequently, designers must have accurate performance and emission prediction tools. Usually, pollutant emission prediction is limited to the combustion chamber as the composition at its outlet is considered to be “chemically frozen”. However, this assumption is not necessarily valid, especially with the increasing turbine inlet temperatures and operating pressures that benefit engine performance. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) simulations were performed to analyse the progress of NOx and CO species through the high-pressure turbine stator. Simulations considering turbulence-chemistry interaction were performed and compared with the finite-rate chemistry approach. The results show that progression of some relevant reactions continues to take place within the turbine stator. For an estimated cruise condition, both NO and CO concentrations are predicted to increase along the stator, while for the take-off condition, NO increases and CO decreases within the stator vanes. Reaction rates and concentrations are correlated with the flow structure for the cruise condition, especially in the near-wall flow field and the blade wakes. However, at the higher operating pressure and temperature encountered during take-off, reactions seem to be dependent on the residence time rather than on the flow structures. The inclusion of turbulence-chemistry interaction significantly changes the results, while heat transfer on the blade walls is shown to have minor effects.

The Development of a Model for the Assessment of Biofouling in Gas Turbine System

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tosin Onabanjo ◽  
Giuseppina Di Lorenzo ◽  
Eric Goodger ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Decision Optimization ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
Micro Organisms

A significant problem encountered in the gas turbine industry with fuel products is the degradation of fuel and fuel systems by micro-organisms, which are largely bacteria, embedded in biofilms. These micro-organisms cause system fouling and other degradatory effects, extending often to sudden failure of components with cost implications. Current methods of assessment are only postimpact evaluation and do not necessarily quantify the effects of fuel degradation on engine performance and emission. Therefore, effective models that allow predictive condition monitoring are required for engine's fuel system reliability, especially with readily biodegradable biofuels. The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of biofouling in gas turbines and the development of a biomathematical model with potentials to predict the extent and assess the effects of microbial growth in fuel systems. The tool takes into account mass balance stoichiometry equations of major biological processes in fuel biofouling. Further development, optimization, and integration with existing Cranfield in-house simulation tools will be carried out to assess the overall engine performance and emission characteristics. This new tool is important for engineering design decision, optimization processes, and analysis of microbial fuel degradation in gas turbine fuels and fuel systems.

Gas Turbines Design and Off-Design Performance Analysis With Emissions Evaluation

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Andreini ◽  
B. Facchini
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Control Criteria

Many gas turbines simulation codes have been developed to estimate power plant performance both in design and off-design conditions in order to establish the adequate control criteria or the possible cycle improvements; estimation of pollutant emissions would be very important using these codes in order to determine the optimal performance satisfying legal emission restrictions. This paper present the description of a one-dimensional emission model to simulate different gas turbine combustor typologies, such as conventional diffusion flame combustors, dry-low NOx combustors (DLN) based on lean-premixed technology (LPC) or rich quench lean scheme (RQL) and the new catalytic combustors. This code is based on chemical reactor analysis, using detailed kinetics mechanisms, and it is integrated with an existing power plant simulation code (ESMS Energy System Modular Simulator) to analyze the effects of power plant operations and configurations on emissions. The main goal of this job is the study of the interaction between engine control and combustion system. This is a critical issue for all DLN combustors and, in particular, when burning low-LHV fuel. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different control criteria with regard to pollutant emissions and engine performances. In this paper we present several simulations of actual engines comparing the obtained results with the experimental published data.

Modelling and Assessment of Compressor Faults on Marine Gas Turbines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
K. Mathioudakis ◽  
E. A. Yfantis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Performance Modelling ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Marine Propulsion ◽  
And Performance

Any prime mover exhibits the effects of wear and tear over time, especially when operating in a hostile environment. Marine gas turbines operation in the hostile marine environment results in the degradation of their performance characteristics. A method for predicting the effects of common compressor degradation mechanisms on the engine operation and performance by exploiting the “zooming” feature of current performance modelling techniques is presented. Specifically a 0D engine performance model is coupled with a higher fidelity compressor model which is based on the “stage stacking” method. In this way the compressor faults can be simulated in a physical meaningful way and the overall engine performance and off design operation of a faulty engine can be predicted. The method is applied to the case of a twin shaft engine, a configuration that is commonly used for marine propulsion. In the case of marine propulsion the operating profile includes a large portion of off-design operation, thus in order to assess the engine’s faults effects, the engine operation should be examined with respect to the marine vessel’s operation. For this reason, the engine performance model is coupled to a marine vessel’s mission model that evaluates the prime mover’s operating conditions. In this way the effect of a faulty engine on vessels’ mission parameters like overall fuel consumption, maximum speed, pollutant emissions and mission duration can be quantified.

Optimal Mission Analysis Accounting for Engine Aging and Emissions

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kelaidis ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
A. Tsalavoutas ◽  
K. Mathioudakis
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Mission Analysis ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Accurate Performance ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
Semi Empirical

An aircraft mission analysis procedure, accounting for engine aging deterioration and incorporating emission estimation capability, is presented. It consists of three main modules: a flight simulation module, an engine performance simulation module, and an optimizer. A key feature of the approach is the incorporation of engine deterioration modeling. This extends the procedure’s ability to estimate onboard performance of an engine as it ages through time and usage. Additionally, the possibility to investigate environmental impact is offered through pollutant emission semi-empirical correlations, which are coupled to the engine performance calculations. The adaptive character of the models employed allows for accurate performance and emission estimations once an initial set of data is available for the engine. The proposed procedure allows the optimization of a flight scenario for a variety of aircrafts, missions, and engine condition combinations in order to meet predefined criteria. Mission profile characteristics (e.g., cruise, altitude, and speed) providing optimum overall performance in terms of fuel conservation, time related costs, or pollutant production are studied.

Effect of intake hydrogen addition on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (8) ◽  
pp. 1919-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y J Qian ◽  
C J Zuo ◽  
J Tan ◽  
H M Xu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Hydrogen Addition ◽  
Hydrogen Enrichment ◽  
Gas Recirculation

This article presents the potential of improving engine performance and pollutant emissions of a ZS195 Diesel engine by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and intake hydrogen enrichment. The effect of EGR level and hydrogen addition on the engine performance and pollutant emissions has been investigated through detailed experiments at rated speed. The experimental results have shown that when EGR level is constant, the peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise increase with the increase of hydrogen addition. The intake hydrogen enrichment can reduce HC, CO, and soot level and increase NOX emission, but EGR technique can offset this effect. The combustion speed and thermal efficiency increase with the increase of hydrogen addition when EGR technique has been adopted.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Zongyan Lv ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
Jianfei Peng ◽  
Qijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON.

scholarly journals A Methodology for Establishing Optimal Part-Load Operation of Industrial Gas Turbines

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Bozza ◽  
Raffaele Tuccillo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Design Behaviour ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Definition Of

The authors present the application of a method for gas turbine analysis, that they have recently introduced, based upon the selection of rotating components and on the study of off-design behaviour. The paper deals with an aero-derivative gas turbine, whose operating field is evaluated by an advanced cycle calculation which takes into account the fluid-dynamic and mechanical matching of the turbomachines. Different regulation systems are considered, like variable-geometry compressor and turbine vanes, whose effect is combined with the variations in rotational speed of the gas generator device. The simulation model allows definition of a performance map of the gas turbine, not only in terms of mechanical output and efficiency but also of pollutant emissions, as a result of the prediction of thermal NO formation inside the combustor. The method leads to the establishment of an optimal control and regulation strategy with respect to a prescribed objective, i.e., either for maximum in energy saving or for the best compromise between performance and emission levels. Cases are examined with reference to both mechanical energy production and combined heat and power generation.

The Development of a Model for the Assessment of Bio-Fouling in Gas Turbine System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tosin Onabanjo ◽  
Giuseppina Di Lorenzo ◽  
Eric Goodger ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Decision Optimization ◽  
Post Impact ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
Cost Implications

A significant problem encountered in the gas turbine industry with fuel products is the degradation of fuel and fuel systems by microorganisms, which are largely bacteria, embedded in biofilms. These microorganisms cause system fouling and other degradatory effects, extending often to sudden failure of components with cost implications. Current methods of assessment are only post-impact evaluation and do not necessarily quantify the effects of fuel degradation on engine performance and emission. Therefore, effective models that allow predictive condition monitoring are required for engine’s fuel system reliability, especially with readily biodegradable biofuels. The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of bio-fouling in gas turbines and the development of a bio-mathematical model with potentials to predict the extent and assess the effects of microbial growth in fuel systems. The tool takes into account mass balance stoichiometry equations of major biological processes in fuel bio-fouling. Further development, optimization and integration with existing Cranfield in-house simulation tools will be carried out to assess the overall engine performance and emission characteristics. This new tool is important for engineering design decision, optimization processes and analysis of microbial fuel degradation in gas turbine fuels and fuel systems.

Hydrogen Enrichment Effects in Gaseous Fuels on Distributed Combustion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Karyeyen ◽  
Joseph S. Feser ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

Abstract High intensity colorless distributed combustion has been a promising combustion technique as it enables much reduced pollutant emissions such as NO and CO, as well as more thermal uniformity, flame stability and combustion efficiency. The main requirement for achieving distributed conditions is to provide controlled entrainment of reactive hot product gases into the fresh mixture prior to ignition. In this way, the oxygen concentration is reduced, which results in lower reaction rates, promoting longer mixing times and volumetric distribution of the reaction zones. Though distributed combustion has been extensively studied for various heat loads and intensities, fuels, geometries, there is limited information related to fuel flexibility. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate hydrogen enriched gaseous fuels for greater understanding of low calorific high flame speed fuels in a distributed combustion system. Three various hydrogen content gaseous fuel (40–60% by volume) were investigated in a swirl-stabilized burner for this study, through the use of either N2 or CO2 as the diluent in order to achieve distributed conditions. The OH* chemiluminescence flame signatures were obtained in the flame front and emissions were measured from the combustor exit. The results showed that both the hydrogen concentration and diluent type considerably impacted the oxygen concentration at which transition to CDC occurred. Distributed conditions were achieved at oxygen concentrations of 10–12% with entrained N2 and 13–15% with entrained CO2 for various gaseous fuels consumed. It was determined that the transition to CDC occurred at a lower oxygen concentration for high hydrogen content fuels due to the higher flame speed of hydrogen. The flame images demonstrated that the flashback propensity of the gaseous fuels were eliminated and enhanced flame stability was achieved under the favorable CDC conditions. For NO pollutant emission, ultra-low NO level was achieved under CDC (less than 1 ppm) while CO pollutant emission decreased gradually with condition approaching distributed conditions, and then increased slightly due to the lower flammability limit and dissociation of CO2.

Combustion System Upgrades for High Operation Flexibility and Low Emission: Design, Testing and Validation of the SGT5-4000F

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Blaette ◽  
Andreas Boettcher ◽  
Holger Streb
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
System Development ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Statistical Machine Learning ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Performance And Emission

Abstract The first Siemens AG SGT5-4000F was introduced in 1996. Since then, the combustion system was improved in several evolutionary steps in order to enhance the engine performance and emission requirements. Especially emissions requirements will become more challenging in the future as the typical limits will likely drop from 25ppm NOx to 15ppm or even single digit. In addition to clean power solutions, the market simultaneously demands increased operational flexibility in terms of load gradients, fuel flexibility (special fuels, hydrogen addition) and turndown capability. The SGT5-4000F fleet consists of more than 350 units in operation with ∼20Mio accumulated operating hours. Retrofit ability to the fleet is therefore an important aspect of the combustion system development. The paper reports upon the development of the latest improvements of the combustion system of SGT5-4000F engines, which have been achieved by application of the latest numerical design tools, advanced statistical machine learning techniques and utilization of additive manufacturing. Results from testing and validation of the modifications at the Siemens Clean Energy Center (CEC) for stand-alone combustion tests and Berlin Test Facility (BTF) for full scale engine tests will be presented. The system improvement includes aero-dynamic, fuel / air mixing and combustor cooling air management optimizations, which are the typical focus areas for lean premixed combustion systems in gas turbines.

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