scholarly journals Possibly Invasive New Bioenergy Crop Silphium perfoliatum: Growth and Reproduction Are Promoted in Moist Soil

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
L. Marie Ende ◽  
Katja Knöllinger ◽  
Moritz Keil ◽  
Angelika J. Fiedler ◽  
Marianne Lauerer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
Bioenergy Crop ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) is a new and promising bioenergy crop in Central Europe. Native to North America, its cultivation in Europe has increased in recent years. Cup plant is said to be highly productive, reproductive, and strongly competitive, which could encourage invasiveness. Spontaneous spread has already been documented. Knowledge about habitat requirements is low but necessary, in order to predict sites where it could spontaneously colonize. The present experimental study investigates the growth and reproductive potential of cup plant depending on soil moisture, given as water table distance (WTD). In moist soil conditions, the growth and reproductive potential of cup plant were the highest, with about 3 m plant height, 1.5 kg dry biomass, and about 350 capitula per plant in the second growing season. These parameters decreased significantly in wetter, and especially in drier conditions. The number of shoots per plant and number of fruits per capitulum were independent of WTD. In conclusion, valuable moist ecosystems could be at risk for becoming invaded by cup plant. Hence, fields for cultivating cup plant should be carefully chosen, and distances to such ecosystems should be held. Spontaneous colonization by cup plant must be strictly monitored in order to be able to combat this species where necessary.

scholarly journals Water regimes of rice fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 05026
Author(s):  
Satbay Nurjanov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Saline Groundwater

The article is a review work, periodic moistening - a layer of water is absent throughout the entire growing season of rice, optimum soil moisture is created through periodic irrigation. Mostly applied permanent and shortened flooding. The most promising is the water regime with shortened flooding. Depending on the method of sowing, debris from the rice field by grasslands and soil salinization, there are various options for this mode. Rice plant, like any other, imposes different requirements for water in different phases of the growing season. The best medium for rice in the period of germination and in the phase of emergence is a moist soil. To obtain seedlings on highly saline soils with a close level of saline groundwater, the most favorable is a small layer of water, which is periodically replaced.

scholarly journals 286 Effects of Different Mulching and Tillage Systems on Soil Water Retention Under Drought Conditions in a Tomato Production System

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 440E-441
Author(s):  
Joyce A. Swenson ◽  
S. Alan Walters ◽  
Michael E. Schmidt ◽  
She-Kong Chong
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Blossom End Rot

Water management is often the key to successful vegetable culture. Various mulching/tillage systems are often utilized in tomato production, depending upon the available resources of a particular grower, to achieve better water use efficiency. A study was conducted to compare six different mulching/tillage systems to observe the influence of these systems on soil water retention as well as on `Fabulous' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. Winter ryegrass and wheat were the cover crops utilized and were mowed with the following six treatments then applied: 1) Conventional tillage (CT), 2) black plastic over conventional tillage (BP), 3) no-till with cover crop sprayed with Glyphosate prior to transplanting (NT-GLY), 4) strip-till with cover crop sprayed with Glyphosate prior to transplanting (ST-GLY), 5) no-till in which cover crop was mowed periodically during the growing season (NT), and 6) strip-till with cover crop mowed periodically during the growing season (ST). This test was conducted under severe drought conditions (45.4 mm of rain from 1 July to 30 Sept. 1999) with plants receiving no supplemental water via irrigation at any time throughout the study. Soil moisture was measured periodically throughout the growing season at a depth of 20 cm; soil and mulch surface temperatures were taken at similar timings as soil moisture. Soil moisture levels during the growing season indicated different patterns of water depletion when comparing the six treatments. There was no significant difference between the winter rye and wheat with respect to water depletion or tomato yields. Lower early tomato yields under NT, ST, NT-GLY, and ST-GLY indicate that cooler soil conditions, while aiding in the retention of soil moisture, delay early tomato production when compared to the warmer soil conditions found under CT and BP. Results also indicate that late season harvests under NT and ST systems produce predominantly cull fruits with a high incidence of blossom-end rot. The NT-GLY and ST-GLY systems tended to produce comparatively lower levels of cull fruit and blossom-end rot in late season harvests than any of the other six treatments.

scholarly journals Projections of Future Soil Temperature and Water Content for Three Southern Quebec Forested Sites

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 7690-7701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Ariane Bouffard ◽  
Louis Duchesne ◽  
Travis Logan ◽  
Richard Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Eastern Canada

The impacts of climate change on future soil temperature Ts and soil moisture Ms of northern forests are uncertain. In this study, the authors first calibrated Ts and Ms models [Forest Soil Temperature Model (ForSTeM) and Forest Hydrology Model (ForHyM), respectively] using long-term observations of Ts and Ms at different depths measured at three forest sites in eastern Canada. The two models were then used to project Ts and Ms for the period 1971–2100 using historical and future climate scenarios generated by one regional and five global climate models. Results indicate good model performance by ForSTeM and ForHyM in predicting observed Ts and Ms values at various depths for the three sites. Projected annual-mean Ts at these sites increased between 1.1° and 1.9°C and between 1.9° and 3.3°C from the present 30-yr averages (1971–2000) to the periods 2040–69 and 2070–99, respectively. Increases as high as 5.0°C were projected at the black spruce site during the growing season (June) for the period 2070–99. Changes in annual-mean Ms were relatively small; however, seasonally Ms is projected to increase in April, because of earlier snowmelt, and to decrease during the growing season, mainly because of higher evapotranspiration rates. Soil moisture in the growing season could be reduced by 20%–40% for the period 2070–99 compared to the reference period. The projected warmer and drier soil conditions in the growing season could have significant impacts on forests growth and biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals Root Response to Soil Water Status via Interaction of Crop Genotype and Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Phanthasin Khanthavong ◽  
Shin Yabuta ◽  
Hidetoshi Asai ◽  
Md. Amzad Hossain ◽  
Isao Akagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Crop Adaptation ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Root Distributions

Flooding and drought are major causes of reductions in crop productivity. Root distribution indicates crop adaptation to water stress. Therefore, we aimed to identify crop roots response based on root distribution under various soil conditions. The root distribution of four crops—maize, millet, sorghum, and rice—was evaluated under continuous soil waterlogging (CSW), moderate soil moisture (MSM), and gradual soil drying (GSD) conditions. Roots extended largely to the shallow soil layer in CSW and grew longer to the deeper soil layer in GSD in maize and sorghum. GSD tended to promote the root and shoot biomass across soil moisture status regardless of the crop species. The change of specific root density in rice and millet was small compared with maize and sorghum between different soil moisture statuses. Crop response in shoot and root biomass to various soil moisture status was highest in maize and lowest in rice among the tested crops as per the regression coefficient. Thus, we describe different root distributions associated with crop plasticity, which signify root spread changes, depending on soil water conditions in different crop genotypes as well as root distributions that vary depending on crop adaptation from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
W Kaczmarek‐Derda ◽  
M Helgheim ◽  
J Netland ◽  
H Riley ◽  
K Wærnhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Level

Ecological responses of Stipa steppe in Inner Mongolia to experimentally increased temperature and precipitation. 3. Soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexia Wang ◽  
Yali Chen ◽  
Yulong Yan ◽  
Zhiqiang Wan ◽  
Ran Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Soil Respiration Rate ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

The response of soil respiration to simulated climatic warming and increased precipitation was evaluated on the arid–semi-arid Stipa steppe of Inner Mongolia. Soil respiration rate had a single peak during the growing season, reaching a maximum in July under all treatments. Soil temperature, soil moisture and their interaction influenced the soil respiration rate. Relative to the control, warming alone reduced the soil respiration rate by 15.6 ± 7.0%, whereas increased precipitation alone increased the soil respiration rate by 52.6 ± 42.1%. The combination of warming and increased precipitation increased the soil respiration rate by 22.4 ± 11.2%. When temperature was increased, soil respiration rate was more sensitive to soil moisture than to soil temperature, although the reverse applied when precipitation was increased. Under the experimental precipitation (20% above natural rainfall) applied in the experiment, soil moisture was the primary factor limiting soil respiration, but soil temperature may become limiting under higher soil moisture levels.

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

Populations of endogonaceous fungi at two locations in central Iowa

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2518-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Walker ◽  
Carl W. Mize ◽  
Harold S. McNabb Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Two different sites in central Iowa were planted with hybrid poplars and subsequently sampled over a growing season for spores of endogonaceous fungi. At one of the sites, the effects of plowing and herbicide treatment on spore numbers also were examined. Ten species of fungi in the genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Glomus were recorded at the first site. The second location yielded 12 species from the same genera. In both sites, the distribution of spores was highly variable. The poplars rarely became endomycorrhizal and had no effect on spore populations during the experimental period. Changes in spore populations were correlated with soil-moisture level. Evidence was found for some depression of spore production caused by plowing and herbicide treatment. The conclusion was drawn that small samples with but few replicates may not adequately represent populations of endogonaceous spores.

scholarly journals Coupled stochastic dynamics of water table and soil moisture in bare soil conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ridolfi ◽  
P. D'Odorico ◽  
F. Laio ◽  
S. Tamea ◽  
I. Rodriguez-Iturbe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions

The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Edwards ◽  
Henry T. Epp
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Different Soils

Abstract Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites. When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods deposited.

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