scholarly journals Changes in the In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Diets for Dairy Cows Based on Selected Sorghum Cultivars Compared to Maize, Rye and Grass Silage

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Ewa Pecka-Kiełb ◽  
Dorota Miśta ◽  
Bożena Króliczewska ◽  
Andrzej Zachwieja ◽  
Maja Słupczyńska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
The Impact

An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the impact of silage produced from selected varieties of sorghum on the microbial fermentation profile of cows’ ruminal fluid. To determine the main microbial fermentation products, ruminal fluid samples were obtained from Polish Holstein–Friesian cows. Serum bottles were filled with 80 mL of ruminal samples, and 1 g of one of the following substrates was added: corn silage (CS), grass silage (GS), rye silage (RS), sorghum silage (sweet) (SS1), sorghum silage (grain) (SS2) or sorghum silage (dual-purpose) (SS3). The serum bottles were flushed with CO2 and fermented for 8 and 24 h at 39 °C. After incubation, the obtained gas and rumen fluid were then analysed to determine the methane and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents using gas chromatography. The use of sorghum silage (SS) resulted in a decrease in the total concentration VFA concentration in the ruminal fluid compared with the use of other silages, especially GS. Moreover, the ruminal fluid contained a lower molar proportion of propionic and butyric acids when SS was used compared with CS. The butyric acid proportion was higher in SS samples than in RS samples. The differences in chemical composition between sorghum varieties did not influence the rumen VFA concentration or profile. A decrease in gas production, but without effects on methanogenesis, was observed when SS was used compared with GS and CS. The analysis demonstrates the physiological processes of fermentation in the rumen, as evidenced by the products of microbial fermentation. The main advantage is that the addition of SS, irrespective of the plant variety, reduced fermentation gas production in the ruminal fluid compared with CS. The silage of the analyzed sorghum varieties may be used in the diets of dairy cows as a substitute for corn and grass silages.

Effect of frequency of ovine ruminal sampling on microbial activity and substrate fermentation

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 154-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nagadi ◽  
M. Herrero ◽  
N.S Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Fermentation System ◽  
Uncontrolled Variation

Food eaten by a ruminant firstly undergoes microbial fermentation within the rumen. Nutritionally important characteristics of the food are the rate and extent of fermentation of its carbohydrate fraction, which can both be estimated using the in vitro gas production technique. The single greatest source of uncontrolled variation in any in vitro rumen fermentation system is the rumen fluid; curves produced from gas production data were influenced significantly by the variation in microbial activity between days (Menke and Steingass, 1988; Beuvink et al, 1992). A more reliable measure of rumen fluid activity is needed. The objective of this study was to determine whether the frequency of sampling of rumen fluid affected the microbial activity and subsequent fermentation.

The effects of hay and silage on growth and rumen function in young Holstein calves

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Roy S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Rumen Development

Newborn calves were fed one of four different roughages (timothy hay, alfalfa hay, grass silage or two parts grass silage mixed with one part alfalfa hay) and a starter ration to a maximum of 2000 g d−1 beginning at 10 d of age along with whole milk to weaning at 28 d of age to measure the effect of forage type and method of conservation on voluntary intake and animal performance up to 112 d of age. Rumen fluid was sampled to determine whether the type of forage had a measureable effect on some gross parameters associated with rumen development. Forage dry matter became a larger proportion of total feed consumed as the animals became older. Overall alfalfa hay and silage:alfalfa mixture were consumed more than timothy hay (P < 0.01). Calves fed silage:alfalfa grew more rapidly than those fed timothy (P < 0.01). These differences were attributable to differences in forage protein and plant cell wall material. The differences in rumen fluid volatile fatty acid composition, pH, or in vitro gas production were found for treatments in only two sampling periods. In the 3rd period, gas production was more rapid from alfalfa hay than from silage (P < 0.05) and in the 4th period, pH was greater for alfalfa hay than timothy hay (P < 0.05). Rumen pH increased in the 3rd and 4th periods (P < 0.01). The acetate:propionate ratio increased over time when the propionate values decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd period (P < 0.01) and acetate values increased from the 3rd to the 4th period (P < 0.01). Silage was equal to hay in terms of consumption, animal performance and those rumen fluid parameters examined and can be fed to young calves without any anticipated problems. Key words: Silage, hay, rumen, development, methane, calves

scholarly journals In Vitro Incubations Do Not Reflect In Vivo Differences Based on Ranking of Low and High Methane Emitters in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3112
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Rebecca Danielsson ◽  
Mohammad Ramin ◽  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ch4 Production

This study evaluated if ranking dairy cows as low and high CH4 emitters using the GreenFeed system (GF) can be replicated in in vitro conditions using an automated gas system and its possible implications in terms of fermentation balance. Seven pairs of low and high emitters fed the same diet were selected on the basis of residual CH4 production, and rumen fluid taken from each pair incubated separately in the in vitro gas production system. In total, seven in vitro incubations were performed with inoculums taken from low and high CH4 emitting cows incubated in two substrates differing in forage-to-concentrate proportion, each without or with the addition of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) as an inhibitor of CH4 production. Except for the aimed differences in CH4 production, no statistical differences were detected among groups of low and high emitters either in in vivo animal performance or rumen fermentation profile prior to the in vitro incubations. The effect of in vivo ranking was poorly replicated in in vitro conditions after 48 h of anaerobic fermentation. Instead, the effects of diet and CNSL were more consistent. The inclusion of 50% barley in the diet (SB) increased both asymptotic gas production by 17.3% and predicted in vivo CH4 by 26.2%, when compared to 100% grass silage (S) substrate, respectively. The SB diet produced on average more propionate (+28 mmol/mol) and consequently less acetate compared to the S diet. Irrespective of CH4 emitter group, CNSL decreased predicted in vivo CH4 (26.7 vs. 11.1 mL/ g of dry matter; DM) and stoichiometric CH4 (CH4VFA; 304 vs. 235 moles/mol VFA), with these being also reflected in decreased total gas production per unit of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial structure was assessed on rumen fluid sampled prior to in vitro incubation, by sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on operational taxonomic unit (OTU) did not show any differences between groups. Some differences appeared of relative abundance between groups in some specific OTUs mainly related to Prevotella. Genus Methanobrevibacter represented 93.7 ± 3.33% of the archaeal sequences. There were no clear differences between groups in relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter.

scholarly journals PSVII-10 Evaluation of different biochar sources added at two inclusion levels in a grass hay- based diet on dry matter disappearance and ruminal fermentation parameters in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 296-296
Author(s):  
Genet Mengistu ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
Gabriel O Ribeiro ◽  
Erasmus Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of adding biochar to a grass hay-based diet on in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), total gas production (GP), methane production (CH4), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 7 biochar products differing in origin (pine or coconut-based) and physical properties (course, fine or loose spheres) at 2 inclusion levels (2.25% and 4.5% of DM) and a grass hay-only control. On each three successive weeks, rumen fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated beef heifers fed a grass hay-based diet, pooled and mixed with a buffer solution (1:2) and treatments incubated in triplicate for 48 h. Gas pressure was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation, and gas was collected at each time to measure CH4. At 48 h, pH was measured and the supernatant sampled for determination of VFA and NH3-N, while the residue was used to estimate DMD. Dry matter disappearance decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing addition of biochar. Biochar did not affect GP or CH4, but did reduce (P &lt; 0.05) gas production per g of DM incubated (111.7 vs 107.8 ml/g), but not per g DMD. The lower GP per g DM incubated could be related to the increased proportion of the diet as biochar, without it contributing to GP. Biochar, irrespective of level did not affect the total or molar proportions of VFA. There was a biochar x inclusion level interaction (P &lt; 0.04) in NH3-N concentration. Biochar type and inclusion level in the present study had little or no significant effect on in vitro fermentation and did not mitigate CH4 production from a grass hay-based diet.

scholarly journals PSVI-20 Impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of new crop corn silage

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Coleman G Reedy ◽  
Joan Butler ◽  
Ilkyu Yoon ◽  
Tom Oelberg ◽  
Tracy Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Front Edge ◽  
Serum Bottle ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
New Crop

Abstract Dairy cows fed silage towards the front edge of a bunker have shown decreased performance often referred to as the new crop corn silage slump. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product, NutriTek® (NutriTek), on in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production using new crop corn silage collected at various distances from the front edge of the bunker as substrate. Silage was sampled at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 m from the front edge of the bunker by taking the entire face of the silage and mixing. NutriTek was added to each serum bottle relative to the recommended feeding rate of 19 g/d along with 0.3 g of silage as substrate. Each serum bottle was inoculated with 40 mL of buffered rumen fluid from cows on a diet consisting of 70% forage and 30% concentrate and was incubated for 24 h. Ten replicates were run per treatment. After incubation, VFA production was measured. Data were analyzed using the GLM model of JMP. Means were compared using Tukey test and significance was defined as P &lt; 0.05. There was a linear trend of decreasing silage pH as sample depth increased; 4.01 at 1.8 m, 3.71 at 3.6 m, and 3.56 at 7.2 m. Results showed that VFA production was reduced for 1.8 m sample compared to the 3.6 m and 7.2 m samples (Table 1). NutriTek was able to improve acetate, propionate, and total VFA production over Control at all corn silages tested (Table 2). In addition, NutriTek showed the ability to elevate VFA production of the 1.8 m sample to Control samples at 3.6 and 7.2 m. In conclusion, NutriTek could be a management tool to address the performance slump of dairy cows when transitioning to a new crop corn silage.

The amount of rumen fluid influences the composition of short chain fatty acids produced in vitro

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
S. Muetzel ◽  
R.M. Mauricio ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

SummaryIn vitro rumen incubation systems are widely used to determine substrate degradation and the amount of fermentation products like gases, short chain fatty acids and the microbial biomass produced. Here we compare the influence of the amount of inoculum used for preparing the incubation medium on short chain fatty acid production and composition. Treatments were 10% and 30% (v/v) of filtered rumen fluid used for inoculation. In a series of experiments it was demonstrated that the two treatments did not alter the gas production or the amount of substrate truly degraded. However, SCFA production (especially acetate) was significantly reduced when only 10% of inoculum were used for incubation. We propose that acetate was taken up by rumen microorganisms as a precursor for growth, although it cannot be excluded that an altered microbial composition contributed to the observed differences.

scholarly journals Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Shenglin Xue ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Cassava Residue

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

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