scholarly journals Grain-Filling Characteristics in Extra-Large Panicle Type of Early-Maturing japonica/indica Hybrids

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Tianyao Meng ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Xubin Zhang ◽  
Jialin Ge ◽  
Guisheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Spikelets Per Panicle ◽  
Panicle Traits ◽  
Filling Characteristics ◽  
Late Stages

Early-maturing japonica/indica hybrids (EJIH) have recently been released, performing a yield potential of 13.5 t ha−1 and greater yield increase over conventional japonica rice (CJ) and hybrid indica rice (HI) in production. More spikelets per panicle and improved grain-filling efficiency underlined the basis for the superior yield performance of EJIH. However, few studies are available on the panicle traits and grain-filling characteristics of EJIH, as well as their differences to CJ and HI. In our study, two EJIH, two CJ, and two HI cultivars with similar growth patterns were grown in the same fields. EJIH had a 12.2–18.8% increased (p < 0.05) grain yield relative to CJ and HI, mainly attributed to their higher daily grain yield. Although it had a lower panicle per m2, EJIH exhibited 28.0–38.3% more (p < 0.05) spikelets per m2 from an increase of 58.0–87.8% (p < 0.05) in spikelets per panicle than CJ and HI. Compared with CJ and HI, EJIH had a higher single panicle weight and more grains in the six parts of the panicle, especially in the upper secondary branches (US) and middle secondary branches (MS). EJIH exhibited a higher leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), leaf photosynthetic rate, and SPAD values after heading, which helped increase shoot biomass weight at heading and maturity and post-heading biomass accumulation. For CJ and HI, the grain-filling dynamics of grains in the six parts were all well simulated by the Richards equation. For EJIH, the grain-filling dynamics of grains in the lower secondary branches (LS) were well fitted by the logistics equation, with the Richards equation simulating grain positioning on the other five parts. EJIH had a lower mean grain-filling rate (GRmean) and longer days and grain filling amounts (GFA) during early, middle, and late stages than CJ and HI. Our results suggest EJIH gave a yield advantage over CJ and HI through a higher daily grain yield. The panicle traits and grain-filling characteristics differed greatly among the three cultivar types. Compared with CJ and HI, EJIH had lower GRmean and higher days and more grains in the panicle during early, middle, and late stages, which contributed to an increased GFA after heading, improved filled-grain efficiency, and higher grain yield.

Characteristics of the canopy, root system and grain yield of a crop of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
P Farrington ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Parts

The time course of development of a lupin crop was studied at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The aim was to gain insight into the crop factors influencing yield. Weekly measurements were made of numbers and weights of plant parts, and profiles of roots, leaf area and light interception. A profile of carbon dioxide in the crop atmosphere was taken at the time of maximum leaf area, and the net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) of pods was estimated for three successive weeks. The crop took 10 weeks to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 1 and a further 9 weeks to reach a maximum LAI of 3.75, at which time only 33% of daylight reached the pods on the main axis. Once the maximum LAI was attained at week 19, leaf fall accelerated and rapid grain filling commenced almost simultaneously on all of the three orders of axes which had formed pods. Measurements of NCE between pods on the main axis and the air suggest that the assimilation of external carbon dioxide by the pods contributed little to grain filling. Grain dry weight was 2100 kg ha-1 of which 30%, 60% and 10% came from the main axis, first and second order apical axes respectively. Only 23% of the flowers set pods and this constitutes an important physiological limitation to grain yield.

scholarly journals Exploiting Grain-Filling Rate and Effective Grain-Filling Duration to Improve Grain Yield of Early-Maturing Maize

Crop Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2295-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmore Gasura ◽  
Peter Setimela ◽  
Richard Edema ◽  
Paul T. Gibson ◽  
Patrick Okori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Rate ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

Dual-purpose cereals: can the relative influences of management and environment on crop recovery and grain yield be dissected?

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
John R. Evans ◽  
Hugh Dove ◽  
Andrew D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Stem Reserves

Growing cereal crops for the dual-purposes (DP) of livestock forage during the early vegetative stages and harvesting grain at maturity has been practised for decades. It follows that scientific experiments using DP crops are nearly as old. A survey of more than 270 DP crop experiments revealed that the average effect of crop defoliation on grain yield (GY) was −7 ± 25% (range –35 to 75%). In light of these results, the first purpose of this review was to assess how alternative crop and grazing management regimes affected forage production and GY. Management techniques in order of decreasing importance likely to maximise grain production include (i) terminating grazing at or before GS 30, (ii) matching crop phenology to environment type, (iii) sowing DP crops 2–4 weeks earlier than corresponding sowing dates of grain-only crops, and (iv) ensuring good crop establishment before commencement of grazing. The second aim was to identify the environmental and biotic mechanisms underpinning crop responses to grazing, and to identify crop traits that would be most conducive to minimising yield penalty. A variety of mechanisms increased GY after grazing. Under favourable conditions, increased GY of grazed crops occurred via reduced lodging, mitigation of foliar disease and rapid leaf area recovery after grazing. Under stressful conditions, increased yields of grazed crops were caused by reduced transpiration and conservation of soil water, delayed phenology (frost avoidance at anthesis), and high ability to retranslocate stem reserves to grain. Yield reductions caused by grazing were associated with (i) frost damage soon after grazing, (ii) poor leaf area development or (iii) delayed maturation, which led to water or temperature stress around anthesis, culminating in increased rates of green area senescence and decreased duration of grain-filling. The third aim was to examine the role of simulation models in dissecting the effects of environment from management on crop physiology. Simulation studies of DP crops have extended the results from experimental studies, confirming that forage production increases with earlier sowing, but have also revealed that chances of liveweight gain increase with earlier sowing. Recent modelling demonstrates that potential for inclusion of DP crops into traditional grain-only systems is high, except where growing-season rainfall is <300 mm. Prospective research involving crop defoliation should focus on crop recovery, specifically (i) the effects of defoliation on phenology, (ii) the time-course of leaf area recovery and dry matter partitioning, and/or (iii) development of crop-grazing models, for these three areas will be most conducive to increasing the understanding of crop responses to grazing, thereby leading to better management guidelines.

Grain yield and water use efficiency of early maturing wheat in low rainfall Mediterranean environments

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Regan ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
D. Tennant ◽  
D. G. Abrecht
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Short Season

Wheat cultivars with very early maturities appropriate for late sowings in low-rainfall (<325 mm) short-season environments are currently unavailable to wheat growers in the eastern margin of the cropping region of Western Australia. A demonstration that very early-maturing genotypes can out-perform current commercial cultivars would open new opportunities for breeding programs to select very early-maturing, high- and stable-yielding cultivars for these environments. Six field experiments were conducted over 4 seasons at 2 low-rainfall sites in Western Australia to investigate crop growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of very early-maturing genotypes compared with current commercial cultivars when sown after 1 June. Very early-maturing genotypes reached anthesis up to 24 days (328 degree-days) earlier than the current cultivars, produced less leaves, had similar yields and dry matter, and maintained high water use efficiencies. On average across seasons and locations the very early-maturing genotypes (W87–022–511, W87–114–549, W87–410–509) yielded more than the later maturing cultivars Gamenya and Spear (190 v. 160 g/m2) but they were similar to the early-maturing commercial cultivars Kulin and Wilgoyne (191 g/m2). Very early-maturing genotypes generally had a higher harvest index and produced fewer spikelets, but heavier and more grains, than Kulin and Wilgoyne. There were only small differences in total water use between very early-maturing genotypes and commercial cultivars; however, very early-maturing genotypes used less water in the pre-anthesis period and more water in the post-anthesis period than the later maturing genotypes, and hence, experienced less water deficit during the grain-filling period. This study indicates that there is a role for very early-maturing genotypes in low-rainfall short-season environments, when the first autumn rains arrive late (after 1 June).

Growth and yield of sorghum lines extracted from a population for differences in osmotic adjustment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Difference

From 47 S2 lines which had been extracted from a random mated population of sorghum, eight lines for a glasshouse experiment and four lines for a field experiment were divergently selected for variation in osmotic adjustment, and were grouped into two, High and Low osmotic adjustment (OA). Both the glasshouse and field experiments examined whether osmotic adjustment modified the plants' response to soil water deficit and also whether grain sink demand for assimilates, varied by removal of 50% spikelets, affected osmotic adjustment. In each experiment, there were well-watered control and water stress treatments. In both experiments, the dawn osmotic potential in the High OA group was always lower than in the Low OA group under water limiting conditions, and the difference was significant after anthesis. The difference in osmotic potential was about 0.1 MPa in the field and up to 0.25 MPa in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiment, removal of 50% spikelets at anthesis significantly decreased osmotic potential during grain filling, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is influenced by the availability of assimilates in the leaves. Under well-watered conditions, the two groups behaved very similarly in terms of maximum leaf area, green leaf area retention during grain filling, total dry matter production, grain yield and grain number in both experiments. Under water-limiting conditions, the High OA group produced larger maximum leaf area and had better leaf retention during grain filling. Despite similar water use, total dry matter was also significantly higher in the High OA group though the difference was small. Grain number was also greater in this group in both experiments, whereas grain yield was significantly higher in the High OA group in the field, but not in the glasshouse where severe water stress developed more rapidly. It is concluded that the adverse effect of water stress can be reduced by adopting sorghum genotypes with high osmotic adjustment. However, selection for high osmotic adjustment needs to ensure that osmotic adjustment is not solely due to small head size.

Effect of Limited Irrigation on Water Consumption and Grain Yield of Spring Maize (Zea Mays)

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 415-419
Author(s):  
Heng Jia Zhang ◽  
Jun Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

The soil water contents in spring maize field were monitored continuously using soil neutron probe combined with drying-weighing method. Meanwhile, the effect of limited irrigation on crop periodic water consumption and its percentage in total water use, leaf area index, and grain yield of spring maize were explored. The results indicated that both the periodic water consumption and its percentage in total water use varied from low to high then to low within maize growing season, with the maximum valued both at silking to middle grain filling. In addition, leaf area indexes were greatly improved by full irrigation before maize filling, and grain yield was not reduced by efficient limited irrigation management, contrarily, yield increase and 31.1% of significant irrigation water saving were achieved, which was beneficial to the optimization of soil water ecological processing and limited irrigation management.

scholarly journals Effect of the duration of the vegetative phase on crop growth, development and yield in two contrasting pearl millet hybrids

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
F. R. Bidinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Vegetative Phase

SummaryThe phenotype of medium duration pearl millet varieties grown in West Africa differs from that of the shorter duration millets grown in India. African varieties are usually much taller, have longer panicles, fewer productive tillers, and a lower ratio of grain to above-ground dry-matter (harvest index). The effect of crop duration on plant phenotype was investigated in two hybrids using extended daylengths to increase the duration of the vegetative phase (GSl: sowing to panicle initiation). The two hybrids, 841A × J104 and 81A × Souna B, were considered to represent the Indian and African phenotype, respectively. Tiller production and survival, leaf area, and dry-matter accumulation and partition, were monitored over the season. Grain yield and its components were determined at maturity.The two hybrids responded similarly to the short and long daylength treatments. The duration of GSl was increased from 20 to 30 days, resulting in increased number of leaves, leaf area, and stem and total dry-matter accumulation; there was no effect on tiller production and survival, or on panicle growth rate. Grain yield was, therefore, the same in both GSl treatments, and harvest index (HI) was much reduced in the long GSl treatment owing to the increased stem growth. One evident effect of a longer GSl was on dry-matter partitioning between shoots; partitioning to the main stem (MS) was increased, whereas partitioning to the tillers was reduced.There was no difference in crop development, growth or yield between the two hybrids in either GSl treatment. The only significant differences were in the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was converted to dry matter, which was greater in 841A × J104 than in 81A × Souna B, and in the balance between MS and tillers; the grain yield of the MS was significantly greater in 81A x Souna B than in 841A × J104, but at the expense of number of productive tillers.The results demonstrate that both African and Indian phenotypes are equally productive under good agronomic conditions. The lower HI in longer duration African millets is a consequence of a much extended stem growth phase and therefore increased competition between stem and panicle during grain filling. Possible ways to increase grain yield in the medium duration African millets are considered.

The influence of pre- and post-anthesis periods on yields of winter barley varieties in southern Spain

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ramos ◽  
L. F. Garcia Del Moral ◽  
L. Recalde
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Leaf Area Duration

SUMMARYSix varieties of winter barley were grown during the years 1979, 1980 and 1981 in Granada (southern Spain). Grain yield variation in the 3 years studied was a function of the pre-anthesis period (especially as a determinant of number of ears/m2). In comparison leaf area duration and grain: leaf ratio from anthesis to ripening had far less influence on grain yield variation. Though these findings contrast with the generally accepted view, they can be explained by environmental conditions prevailing in southern Spain during grain filling.

scholarly journals Lodging Resistance and Yield Performance of Two Traditional Rice Varieties Applied with Nitrogen and Paclobutrazol

2016 ◽  
pp. 106-129
Author(s):  
Ariel Mactal ◽  
Justo Canare
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spikelets Per Panicle ◽  
Traditional Rice

Vulnerability of rice growing areas to strong typhoons coupled by the susceptibility of traditional rice varieties to lodging lead to low yield and poor quality of harvested rice. To address these problems, two experiments using factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design were conducted during the wet season to determine the effects of paclobutrazol and nitrogen on the lodging resistance, agro-morphological characteristics and yield performance of two traditional rice varieties Elon-elon and Palawan Red. Application of increasing concentration of paclobutrazol did not significantly affect the percentage filled spikelets per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, dry matter yield, harvest index and grain yield. At all concentrations of paclobutrazol, Palawan red had the longest first and fourth internodes, more unfilled spikelets per panicle, heavier 1000 grains weight and higher leaf area index than Elonelon. On the other hand, smaller stem diameter, more productive tillers per hill and longer panicles were obtained from Elon-elon than Palawan red. Elon-elon applied with increasing rates of nitrogen in combination with 500 ppm paclobutrazol had bigger stem diameter, higher productive tillers per hill, higher number of filled spikelets per panicle, higher percentage filled spikelets per panicle, longer panicles, higher harvest index and higher grain yield than Palawan red. Apparently, Palawan red had longer first, second and third internodes, more unfilled spikelets per panicle, heavier 1000 grain weight and higher leaf area index than Elon-elon. Applications of 30 and 60 kg N per ha had significantly higher lodging index than the untreated plants. Harvest index and grain yield were lowest in plants applied with 30 and 60 kg N per ha, attributable to high lodging index. Paclobutrazol is effective in shortening the length of the lower internodes and inhibits stem elongation resulting to shorter plants with increased lodging resistance. This ultimately produced higher yield than those plants that lodged. Culm strength was reduced by high rates of nitrogen causing significant increase in lodging index. The time of lodging is crucial in predicting the yield performance of the plants. Early lodging resulted to huge reduction in yield while it has little or no effect on yield when it occurs at later stages of the rice crop.

scholarly journals REAPLICAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO NA MITIGAÇÃO DO EFEITO DA DESFOLHA EM DIFERENTES FASES FENOLÓGICAS DO MILHO

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ PRECHLAK BARBOSA ◽  
CLAUDEMIR ZUCARELI ◽  
RODRIGO YOITI TSUKAHARA ◽  
EDSON GIOVANNI KOCHINSKI ◽  
JOSE HENRIQUE BIZZARRI BAZZO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Corn Production

RESUMO - O manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada para atenuar efeitos da perda de área foliar é uma soluçãopouco explorada. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar, em campo, o efeito da reaplicação de nitrogênio e intensidade dedesfolha em diferentes fases fenológicas sobre a incidência de grãos ardidos e o desempenho produtivo do milho. Odelineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x7x4+2, sendo,a reaplicação de N em cobertura (0 e 40 kg ha-1), os estádios fenológicos de desfolha (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 e R5),as intensidades de desfolha (25, 50, 75 e 100%) e dois controles adicionais (0% de desfolha com e sem a reaplicaçãode N). As avaliações realizadas foram percentagem de grãos ardidos, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Osdados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de Tukey, Dunnett e regressão até 2º grau (p0,05). A reaplicaçãode nitrogênio após a desfolha atenua os efeitos desse estresse na massa e no rendimento total de grãos, com maiorefetividade quando ocorre nos estádios vegetativos. O prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo em razão da desfolha éacentuado quando ocorre no florescimento e enchimento de grãos, pois desequilibra a relação fonte-dreno. A desfolhaem estádios iniciais proporciona maior intensidade de grãos ardidos nas plantas de milho.Palavras-chave: Adubação nitrogenada, Área foliar, Estádios fenológicos, Zea mays L.REAPPLICATION OF NITROGEN AS MITIGATIONTO THE DEFOLIATION EFFECT AT STAGES OF MAIZEABSTRACT - The proper management of nitrogen fertilization to mitigate the effects of the loss of leaf area ispoorly explored. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of nitrogen reapplication and defoliation intensity atdifferent phenological stages on the incidence of rot grains and corn production performance. The experimental designwas a randomized complete block with four replications, in a 2x7x4 + 2 factorial scheme, with the reapplication of Ntopdressed (0 and 40 kg ha-1), the defoliation stages (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 and R5), defoliation intensities (25, 50, 75and 100%) and two additional controls (0% defoliation with and without reapplication of N). Percentage of rot grains,mass of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey’s, Dunnett’s testsand regression up to grade 2 (p 0.05). Reapplication of nitrogen after defoliation attenuates the effects of this stress onthe mass and the total yield of grains, with greater effectiveness in the vegetative stages. The damage to the productiveperformance due to defoliation was accentuated when occurred at the flowering and grain filling as it unbalancesthe source-drain relation. Depletion in the early stages caused higher occurrence of grain burned in maize plants.Keywords: Nitrogen fertilization, Leaf area, Phenological stages, Zea mays L.

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