scholarly journals Influence of Burner Position on Temperature Distribution in Soybean Flaming

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Rajković ◽  
Goran Malidža ◽  
Strahinja Stepanović ◽  
Marko Kostić ◽  
Kristina Petrović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Soybean Canopy ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Surface Flame

The main objective of this study was to identify optimal burner orientation for a newly designed flame cultivator by quantifying the flame temperature distributions of cross, back, and parallel position of burners at different heights of the soybean canopy (distance from the soil surface). Flame temperatures were measured within-row for three burner orientations at seven propane doses (20–100 kg/ha) and eight different canopy heights (0–18 cm above soil surface). Soybean plants in V3 growth stage were flamed with the same doses and burner orientations, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) crop injury (0%–100%), plant height (cm), dry matter (g) and grain yield (t/ha) were assessed. All three burner orientations had high flame temperatures at lower canopy heights (<6 cm high) that gradually decreased with increasing canopy height (6–18 cm). Measured temperatures ranged from 33 to 234 ℃ for cross flaming, 29 to 269 ℃ for back flaming and 23 to 155 ℃ for parallel flaming, with high variability in temperature patterns. Back flaming generated flame temperatures above 100℃ at a lower propane dose (27 kg/ha) compared to cross and parallel flaming (40 and 50 kg/ha). For all tested parameters, parallel and cross flaming had better impact on soybeans than back flaming, but for weed control in crop rows, cross flaming is recommended.

scholarly journals Assimilate partitioning and phytotoxicity in soybean plants treated with herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Marenco ◽  
Nei F. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Assimilate Partitioning ◽  
Developing Seeds ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Soybean Plants

To investigate the effects of trifluralin, chlorimuron and clomazone on morphology and assimilate partitioning during soybean development, plants were grown in a greenhouse and sampled at 14-day intervals. Clomazone reduced stem and leaf dry matter accumulation at 14 days after emergence (DAE), while trifluralin and chlorimuron reduced plant part dry matter accumulation up to 28 DAE. The number of leaves, plant height, mass and number of pods and seeds, and the shoot/root ratio were not influenced by the herbicides. Roots, stems and leaves were the preferred sinks up to the R2 growth stage, while pods and developing seeds became the preferred sinks later. This order was not altered by the herbicides.

scholarly journals Impact of postemergence herbicides on soybean injury and canopy formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-734
Author(s):  
Grant L. Priess ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Soybean Canopy ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

AbstractField studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Arkansas to evaluate the injury caused by herbicides on soybean canopy formation and yield. Fomesafen, acifluorfen, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, and S-metolachlor + fomesafen + chlorimuron alone and in combination with glufosinate were applied to glufosinate-resistant soybean at the V2 growth stage. Soybean injury resulting from these labeled herbicide treatments ranged from 9% to 25% at 2 wk after application. This level of injury resulted in a 4-, 5-, 6-, and 6-d delay in soybean reaching 80% groundcover following fomesafen, acifluorfen, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, and S-metolachlor + fomesafen + chlorimuron, respectively. There was a 2-d delay in soybean reaching a canopy volume of 15,000 cm3 following each of the four herbicide treatments. The addition of glufosinate to the herbicide applications resulted in longer delays in canopy formation with every herbicide treatment except glufosinate + fomesafen. Fomesafen, acifluorfen, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, and S-metolachlor + fomesafen + chlorimuron, each applied with glufosinate, delayed soybean from reaching 80% groundcover by 2, 7, 8, and 9 d, respectively, and delayed the number of days for soybean to reach a canopy volume of 15,000 cm3 by 2, 3, 2, and 2 d, respectively. No yield loss occurred with any herbicide application. A delay in percent groundcover in soybean allows sunlight to reach the soil surface for longer periods throughout the growing season, possibly promoting late-season weed germination and the need for an additional POST herbicide application.

scholarly journals Corn Yield Loss Due to Volunteer Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Alms ◽  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
David Vos ◽  
Michael Moechnig
Keyword(s):  
Loss Function ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Control Volunteer ◽  
Soybean Plants

The widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean in cropping rotations often results in volunteer plants from the previous season becoming problem weeds that require alternative herbicides for control. Corn yield losses due to season-long volunteer soybean competition at several densities in two growing seasons were used to define a hyperbolic yield loss function. The maximum corn yield loss observed at high volunteer soybean densities was about 56%, whereas, the incremental yield loss (I) at low densities was 3.2%. Corn yield loss at low volunteer soybean densities was similar to losses reported for low densities of velvetleaf and redroot pigweed, with 10% yield loss estimated to occur at 3 to 4 volunteer soybean plants m−2. Several herbicides, including dicamba with or without diflufenzopyr applied at the V2 growth stage of volunteer soybean, provided > 90% control, demonstrating several economical options to control volunteer glyphosate-resistant soybean in glyphosate-resistant corn. Reevaluation of control recommendations may be needed with commercialization of other genetically modified herbicide-resistant soybean varieties.

scholarly journals First Report of Sudden Death Syndrome (Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines) of Soybean in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kurle ◽  
S. L. Gould ◽  
S. M. Lewandowski ◽  
S. Li ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
South Central ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Soybean Plants

In August 2002, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants exhibiting foliar and root symptoms typical of sudden death syndrome were observed in Blue Earth and Steele counties in south-central Minnesota. Leaf symptoms ranging from small chlorotic spots to prominent interveinal necrosis were present on soybean plants at the R6 to R7 growth stage. As plants matured, complete defoliation took place with only petioles remaining. Symptomatic plants had necrotic secondary roots, truncated taproots, and discolored cortical tissue at the soil line. Blue sporodochia containing macroconidia were observed on the taproot of affected plants at both locations (3,4). Multiple cultures from both locations were obtained by transferring macroconidia from the sporodochia to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and modified Nash-Snyder Medium (NSM) (3). After 14 days, isolations were made from fungal colonies exhibiting bluish pigmentation and masses of bluish macroconidia (4). The isolates grew slowly, developed a bluish color, and formed sporodochia containing abundant macroconidia on NSM. These isolates were identified as Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines based on colony characteristics and morphology of macroconidia (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with a single isolate from each location. The isolate from Blue Earth County was inoculated as mycelia in a plug of media onto taproots of plants of susceptible cvs. Williams 82 and Spencer at the V2 growth stage. Chlorotic spots appeared on leaves after 12 days of growth at 22 to 25°C in the greenhouse. Interveinal necrosis appeared after 15 days (4). The isolate from Steele County was used to inoculate the susceptible cv. Great Lakes 3202. Sorghum seed (3 cm3) infested with mycelia of the isolate were placed 2 to 3 cm below soybean seed planted in Cone-Tainers. Noninfested sorghum seed was used as a control. Plants were maintained for 21 days at 22 to 28°C in the greenhouse. Chlorotic spots appeared on leaves of inoculated plants within 21 days after planting followed by the development of interveinal chlorosis and necrosis (1). Molecular analysis further supported the identification of the Steele County isolate as F. solani f. sp. glycines. Polymerase chain reaction with specific primers Fsg1 and Fsg2 of total genomic DNA extracted from the Steele County isolate amplified a 438-bp DNA fragment identical with that extracted from previously identified isolates of F. solani f. sp. glycines (1). In 2002, symptoms of sudden death syndrome were also reported in Olmsted, Freeborn, and Mower counties. Although studies are needed to determine the distribution of sudden death syndrome in the state, the occurrence of the symptoms at multiple locations suggests that F. solani f. sp. glycines is widely distributed in southeast and south-central Minnesota. The counties where sudden death syndrome symptoms were reported are located in the most productive soybean-growing region of Minnesota. Sudden death syndrome could be a serious threat to soybean production in this area since poorly drained, heavy, clay soils are common, and soil temperatures 18°C or less are normal before the end of May. References: (1) S. Li et al. Phytopathology 90:491, 2000. (2) K. W. Roy. Plant Dis. 81:566, 1997. (3) K. W. Roy et al. Plant Dis. 81:1100, 1997. (4) K. W. Roy. Plant Dis. 81:259, 1997.

scholarly journals Growth and vegetative development of soybean plants in soil type Concrectionary Petric Plinthosol

2019 ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Marcio Nikkel ◽  
Saulo De Oliveira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Soybean Plants

The central-north of Brazil is a region with strong presence of concrectionary soil, whose supposed disadvantages from the agronomic point of view, do not prevent their use in agriculture. However, more in-depth information about the behavior of crops of agricultural interest cultivated in this type of soil is few. Due to the observation of agricultural stands in this type of soil, it was hypothesized that plinthite ironstones concretions negatively interfere in the development of crops of agro-economic interest. The objective was to verify the growth and development of soybean cultivated in soil with the presence and absence of plinthite ironstones. Concretionary Petric Plinthosol were collected in the 0-0,20 m layer and part of the soil was sieved so that concretions larger than 3.10 mm in diameter were removed, thus leaving two treatments, soil with and without plinthite ironstones. Morphological evaluations were performed during their phenological phase. Soybean grown in soil without ironstones showed higher growth at 32 and 48 DAE and more leaflets when compared to soy crop grown in soil with ironstones. As for dry matter, soybean grown in soil without ironstones showed more values for aerial, root and total mass as well for aerial root rate when compared to soybean grown in soil with ironstones. Plinthite ironstones interfere with the growth and/or vegetative development of soybeans. Soybean has less vegetative development when grown in soil with plinthite ironstone concretions.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE MATÉRIA SECA E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO REAL DA AVEIA PRETA (Avena strigosa S.) EM SEIS NÍVEIS FREÁTICOS

Irriga ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Marcos Henrique Sias Silveira ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Water Table Level ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Matter Production

PRODUÇÃO DE MATÉRIA SECA E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO REAL DA AVEIA PRETA (Avena strigosa S.) EM SEIS NÍVEIS FREÁTICOS  Marcos Henrique Dias SilveiraAntonio Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural –  Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UnespBotucatu – SP  Cep: 18603-970Fone: (0xx14) 6802-7165 – [email protected]  1  RESUMO Para avaliar os efeitos de seis diferentes níveis freáticos na produção de matéria seca e na evapotranspiração real ou de cultura da aveia preta (Avena strigosa S.) foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCA - Campus de Botucatu - UNESP.  Foram semeadas 21 sementes de aveia por vaso, construído de anéis de PVC, com diâmetro nominal de 0,15m x 0,07m de comprimento e alturas totais variando entre 0,21m e 0,91m, de modo a simular os efeitos de níveis freáticos de 0,17m, 0,31m, 0,45m, 0,59m, 0,73m e 0,87m de profundidade.  Após a emergência das plântulas procedeu-se ao desbaste,  deixando-se 8 plantas por vaso, com 06 repetições (seis vasos) para cada nível freático, totalizando 36 vasos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado.  Dados de evapotranspiração real foram coletados diariamente e computados semanalmente.  As plantas foram cortadas rente ao solo ao final da 12.ª semana após a semeadura.  Foram avaliadas as produções de matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular em cada nível freático.  Os resultados mostraram maior produção de matéria seca para o nível freático mais superficial (0,17m), com queda gradativa à medida que o nível freático se aprofundava. A evapotranspiração da cultura  mostrou a mesma tendência, variando entre 591,6 mm  no tratamento com nível freático a 0,17m de profundidade e 215,4 mm para o de 0,87m de profundidade. UNITERMOS: evapotranspiração, níveis freáticos, aveia preta.  SILVEIRA, M. H. D., KLAR, A. E.  DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF OAT         ( Avena strigosa S.) UNDER  SEVERAL TABLE LEVELS.  2  ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of six different water table levels on yield and evapotranspiration of oat (Avena strigosa S.) .  21 seeds were sowed  per  pot, which was built with PVC rings (0.15m nominal diameter x 0.07m lenght).  6 water table levels were used: 0.17; 0.31; 0.45; 0.59; 0.73; and 0.87 m measured from the soil surface replicated  6  times.  The completely randomised design was used.  After seedling emergency, 8 plants were maintained  per  pot.  The evapotranspiration were daily measured from reservoirs connected to the pots.  The plants were cut at the soil surface level after 12 weeks from the sowing.The results showed greater dry matter production at the most superficial water table level with progressive decrease with water level distance from the soil surface.  The  evapotranspiration  showed  the  same tendency: the higher values occurred on the 0.17m water table (591.6 mm) until 0.87m water table (215.4 mm). KEYWORDS:  water table, evapotranspiration, Avena strigosa S.

The Transient Temperature Distribution in a Slab Subject to Thermal Radiation

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Zerkle ◽  
J. Edward Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Analog Computer ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Transient Temperature ◽  
Transient Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Approximate Analytical Solutions ◽  
Wide Range

The transient, one-dimensional temperature distribution is determined for a slab, insulated on one face, and subjected to thermal radiation at the other face. The slab is initially at a uniform temperature and is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and opaque; the physical properties are assumed to be independent of temperature. Transient temperature distributions for both heating and cooling situations are obtained by means of a thermal-electrical analog computer. A diode limiter circuit is used to simulate the nonlinear radiant heat flux. The transient temperature distributions are presented in a dimensionless, graphical form for a wide range of variables. Approximate analytical solutions are also given which complement and extend the solution charts over ranges of parameters not covered in the charts.

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