scholarly journals Pre- and Postharvest Factors Control the Disease Incidence of Superficial Scald in the New Fire Blight Tolerant Apple Variety “Ladina”

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Laura Dällenbach ◽  
Thomas Eppler ◽  
Simone Bühlmann-Schütz ◽  
Markus Kellerhals ◽  
Andreas Bühlmann
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
And Storage

Superficial scald is a physiological disorder that develops during cold storage affecting apples and causes substantial market losses. Malus × domestica cv. Ladina, a new scab resistant and fire blight tolerant variety, commercialized in 2012, shows a physiological disorder similar to superficial scald after storage. Here, we used different pre- and postharvest approaches to characterize the occurrence of these superficial scald symptoms in Malus × domestica cv. Ladina. Over a period of seven years, fruits from multiple orchards were stored for five to seven months and the occurrence of superficial scald was assessed in fruits after cold storage and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Apples picked at different stages of ripeness within the same year differed in superficial scald development. Additionally, superficial scald differed significantly between years and locations, strongly suggesting that maturity at harvest, weather during the growing season, and orchard management play important roles in scald occurrence. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) after harvest, and storage in a dynamically controlled atmosphere (DCA) significantly reduced the occurrence of superficial scald, whereas storage under ultralow oxygen concentrations (ULO) showed mild but not significant effects. Low calcium concentrations in the fruit flesh and peel were associated with stronger superficial scald occurrence.

scholarly journals Influence of Cold Storage on Pear Physico-Chemical Traits and Antioxidant Systems in Relation to Superficial Scald Development

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Caracciolo ◽  
Anna Magri ◽  
Milena Petriccione ◽  
Maria Luigia Maltoni ◽  
Gianluca Baruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
Chemical Traits

Superficial scald is the most common physiological disorder in apples and pears and causes huge economic losses worldwide. The aim of this study is to determine the different scald susceptibilities of seven pear cultivars/selections during five months of cold storage (CS). Four advanced pear selections and three commercial cultivars were harvested from an orchard located in Emilia-Romagna region, and cold stored at −1 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH).After 90, 120, and 150 days, fruits of each cultivar and selection were removed for ripening for 4 d, after which scald damage, physico-chemical and nutraceutical traits, and enzymatic antioxidant systems were evaluated on peel and pulp. ‘Abbé Fétel’, ‘Falstaff’, and ‘CREA 171’ did not showed superficial scald symptoms after 90 days, while ‘Doyenne du Comice’ and ‘CREA 264’ showed the highest susceptibility. After 90 days, CS ‘Falstaff’ and ‘CREA 179’ showed the highest total polyphenol content (TPH) in peel, followed by ‘Doyenne du Comice’ and ‘AbbéFétel’; lowest TPH was detected in ‘CREA 264’. After 120 and 150 days of CS, ‘Abbé Fétel’ and ‘CREA 171’ showed the highest peel TPH. ‘CREA 264’ and ‘CREA 125’ reached the lowest values of TPH during the three CS time periods. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were higher in the peel of scald-resistant than that in scald-susceptible pear cultivars/advanced selections. Superficial scald induced an increase in polyphenoloxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities involved in fruit-browning during CS. Furthermore, we observed an increase in lipoxygenase activity and consequent membrane damage in both the peel and flesh of the fruit. This study indicates that pear cultivars/advanced selections have different superficial scald susceptibilities that enable them to induce the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, following CS.

Effect of maturity, carbon dioxide and storage duration on controlled atmosphere stored Jonathan apples

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Little ◽  
ID Peggie ◽  
HJ Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Flesh Browning ◽  
And Storage

Jonathan apples stored at 0�C in an atmosphere of 0 per cent CO2 and 2.5 per cent O2were softer, more yellow and more susceptible to breakdown and superficial scald but less susceptible to flesh browning than where CO2 was 3 per cent. Increasing the CO2 from 3 to 6 per cent did not greatly affect fruit firmness or yellow colouring but did increase susceptibility to flesh browning and breakdown. Air stored fruit were more susceptible to superficial scald and breakdown but did not develop flesh browning. Flesh browning and breakdown decreased as picks were made earlier, but the effectiveness of maturity as a control measure was limited by loss of flavour where harvesting was too early.

scholarly journals Quality and Storage of `Granny Smith' and `Greenspur' Apples on Seedling, M.26, and MM.111 Rootstock

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Drake ◽  
Fenton E. Larsen ◽  
S.S. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Influences of rootstock on the quality of `Granny Smith' and `Greenspur' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were evaluated over an extended harvest period and after cold storage. Apples from trees on M.26 rootstock had the higher firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and Ca content, but poorer external color (red blush) and a higher percentage of solar injury than fruit from trees on seedling or MM.111 rootstock. External greenness was best on apples from MM.111 rootstock. `Granny Smith' apples had higher firmness, soluble solids, acids, and carbohydrate contents, and less scald but poorer external greenness than `Green spur' apples. `Granny Smith' or `Greenspur' apples from M.26 rootstock appeared to mature earlier than those on MM.111.

scholarly journals Preharvest Factors Affecting Quality on “Abate Fetel” Pears: Study of Superficial Scald with Multivariate Statistical Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alessandro Bonora ◽  
Enrico Muzzi ◽  
Cristiano Franceschini ◽  
Alexandra Boini ◽  
Gianmarco Bortolotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Training System ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Approach

Although superficial scald (SS) is well characterized on apples, there are only a few insights concerning the influence that agronomic and management variability may have on the occurrence of this physiological disorder on pears. In this study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the effect of different preharvest factors on SS development using a multivariate statistical approach. Pears (Pyrus communis L.) cv “Abate Fetel” were picked during two consecutive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) from twenty-three commercial orchards from three growing areas (Modena, Ferrara, and Ravenna provinces) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Bioclimatic indices such as weather and soil, agronomic management such fertilization and irrigation, orchard features such as rootstock and training systems, and SS incidence were carried out at harvest and periodically postharvest in all producers. Two different storage scenarios (regular atmosphere and use of 1-MCP) were also evaluated. Our data in both seasons showed high heterogeneity between farms for SS symptoms after cold storage either in the regular atmosphere or with 1-MCP treatment. Nevertheless, in 2018, all the producers showed SS at the end of the storage season, but in 2019 some of them did not exhibit SS for up to 5 months. In fact, some preharvest factors changed considerably between the two seasons such as yield and weather conditions. Indeed, some factors seem to affect SS in both growing seasons. Some can increase its occurrences such as physiological and agronomical factors: high yields, late date of blooming, heavy downpours, improper irrigation management (low watering frequency and high volumes), nitrogen (included that deriving from organic matter), soil texture (presence of clay), orchard age, and canopy volume in relation to training system and rootstock. Others can decrease SS such as climatic and management factors: late harvest dates, rain, gibberellins, calcium, manure, absence of antihail nets or use of photoselective nets, and site (probably related to better soils toward the Adriatic coast). Initial preharvest variability is an important factor that modulates physiological plant stress and, subsequently, the SS after cold storage in “Abate Fetel” pears. Multivariate techniques could represent useful tools to identify reliable multiyear preharvest variables for SS control in pear fruit different batches.

scholarly journals Combining Controlled Atmosphere Storage and Ethanol Vapors to Control Superficial Scald of Apple

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chervin ◽  
J. Raynal ◽  
N. André ◽  
A. Bonneau ◽  
P. Westercamp
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Major Result ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Further Development

The effects of ethanol vapors, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, and a combination of both on superficial scald development on `Granny Smith' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) are reported. The major result was that ethanol vapors, applied in cold storage, prevented scald development over a week at 20 °C in apples that had been CA-stored for 4 months, then left for 1 month in cold air storage. Interrupting CA storage aimed to reproduce industry practices when fruit in part of storage rooms has to be sold and the remaining fruit is held in air for later sale. The estimated cost and further development of this method are discussed.

Creston apple

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
H. A. Quamme ◽  
K. O. Lapins ◽  
H. Schmidt ◽  
R. A. MacDonald ◽  
W. D. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Storage Quality ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
And Storage

Creston is a new high-quality apple cultivar ripening 6 d before Red Delicious. It is large-fruited and similar to Jonagold in appearance but possesses better firmness and storage quality. It can be held for 8 wk in air storage (0 °C) and 4–5 mo in controlled-atmosphere storage. Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., dessert apple, cultivar descriptionnot available

Effects of ethephon on ripening, red colour, and storage performance of Jonathan and Delicious apples

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
RL Brohier ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Storage Performance ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Disorders

Ethephon, at concentrations of 125- 1000 ppm, was applied to Jonathan and Delicious apple trees 3-4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date for untreated apples. Ripening of Jonathan, as measured by increases in red colour and flavour score, was advanced by 6, 10, and 15 d by 250,500 and 1000 ppm ethephon respectively. Softening was not affected. Fruit drop was increased by 1000 ppm only, to 14% of the crop. In Delicious, red colouring and flavour development were advanced by up to 6 d with 1000 ppm ethephon, but yellowing and softening were advanced more, by 7- 14 d with 250 ppm and up to 10- 17 d with 1000 ppm. Softening did not reach unacceptable levels, but three weeks after treatment, yellowing and water core reached unacceptable levels. Red colouring, as measured by anthocyanin concentration or area of red skin, was increased up to two-fold in Jonathan with 1000 ppm, and by up to 50% in Delicious with 1000 ppm. Ethephon also advanced the rise in susceptibility of both cultivars to storage disorders, breakdown and brownheart, in air or controlled atmosphere cold storage. However, if the treated apples were harvested when ripe, 7- 15 d before the controls, their quality after storage was the same as that of controls harvested later.

Controlled atmosphere-related injury in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples is associated with γ-aminobutyrate accumulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Z. Chiu ◽  
Barry J. Shelp ◽  
Stephen R. Bowley ◽  
Jennifer R. DeEll ◽  
Gale G. Bozzo
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Gaba Level ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Ethylene Antagonist ◽  
Honeycrisp Apples

Chiu, G. Z., Shelp, B. J., Bowley, S. R., DeEll, J. R. and Bozzo, G. G. 2015. Controlled atmosphere-related injury in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples is associated with γ-aminobutyrate accumulation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 879–886. ‘Honeycrisp’ apples (Malus×domestica Borkh.), including fruit treated with the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), can be susceptible to controlled atmosphere (CA)-related injury of the flesh tissue during storage. To better understand the biomarkers associated with this physiological disorder, we compared the temporal responses of the universal stress signature, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), and visual symptoms of CA-related injury in apples subjected to elevated CO2. Fruit were treated with or without 1-MCP prior to CA [2.5 kPa O2, 5 (elevated) or 0.03 (ambient) kPa CO2] storage at either 3 or 20°C for up to 24 wk. At 20°C, 1-MCP-treated apples displayed symptoms of CA-related injury by 3 wk of elevated CO2 storage; a similar 15% disorder incidence was apparent by 6 wk in non 1-MCP-treated fruit. A maximal incidence of 30% for this disorder occurred after 24 wk at 3°C in fruit held at elevated CO2, regardless of 1-MCP treatment. At 20°C, GABA levels were 48% higher within 6 wk of the transfer of 1-MCP-treated fruit to elevated CO2. At 3°C, a 2.6-fold increase in GABA level occurred by week 6 of elevated CO2 storage, and was maintained for an additional 18 wk thereafter; a similar change in GABA level was apparent in non 1-MCP-treated fruit, albeit delayed until week 18 of storage. These findings indicate that shifts in GABA are associated with the onset of visual symptoms of CA-related injury in ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit in response to elevated CO2, regardless of 1-MCP.

scholarly journals Persistence of Listeria innocua on Fresh Apples During Long-Term Controlled Atmosphere Cold Storage with Postharvest Fungal Decay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Hamilton ◽  
Blanca Ruiz-Llacsahuanga ◽  
Manoella Mendoza ◽  
James Mattheis ◽  
Ines Hanrahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Listeria Innocua ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Apple Variety

Recent apple-related recall and outbreak events have exposed a need for better food safety controls along the supply chain. Following harvest apples can be stored under a controlled atmosphere for up to one year after harvest before packing and distribution, making the crop susceptible to many opportunities for contamination that increase the quantity of postharvest losses. Botrytis cinerea (BC) and Penicillium expansum (PE) cause significant rot-associated losses to the apple industry. These fungi can colonize and destroy apple tissue as storage duration increases, which may also impact the growth of saprophytic foodborne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes . Thus the objective of this study was to observe population changes of Listeria innocua (LI) as a surrogate for L. monocytogenes on apples inoculated with BC or PE under long-term controlled atmosphere cold storage conditions to identify the effect of postharvest mold growth on growth patterns of a food safety-relevant microorganism. ‘Gala’ and ‘WA 38’ apples (n = 1,080) were harvested, treated with pyrimethanil, and inoculated with LI only, or LI and one of the mold species on wounded and unwounded portions of the apple equator. Apples were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene and stored at a controlled atmosphere (2kPa O 2 , 1kPa CO 2 , 1°C) for 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 11 months before enumeration. After three months LI consistently fell below the limit of detection (2.35 log CFU/g) and samples were enriched following a modified BAM method with PCR confirmation. Listeria persistence was dependent on the storage duration and type of fungal contamination ( p < 0.05). Surface wounding may impact these trends, depending on the apple variety.   Prevalence of LI was greater in ‘Gala’ apples. Future studies should more closely examine the interactions on the fruit surface that occur during the seemingly critical timeframe of three-to-six months in storage.

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