Root Trait Variability in Coffea canephora Genotypes and Its Relation to Plant Height and Crop Yield

Coffee breeding based on root traits is important to identify productive genotypes under adverse environmental conditions. This study assessed the diversity of root traits in Coffea canephora and its correlation with plant height and crop yield. Undisturbed soil samples were collected down to 60 cm from 43 coffee genotypes, in which one of them was propagated by seed and all others by stem cutting. The roots were washed, scanned, and processed to quantify root length density, root volume, root superficial area, and root diameter. Additionally, plant height and crop yield were also assessed. Root length density ranged from 40 to 1411 mm cm−3, root volume from 6 to 443 mm3 cm−3, root superficial area from 61 to 1880 mm2 cm−3, and root diameter from 0.6 to 1.1 mm. Roots were concentrated in the topsoil (0–20 cm) for most genotypes. In deeper depths (30–60 cm), root length density, root volume, and root superficial area were higher in genotypes 14, 25, 31, and 32. Positive correlations were found between root traits and both plant height and crop yield. The results of this work may contribute to the overall cultivation of C. canephora, specially for crop breeding in adverse environmental conditions.

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Root Phenotyping for Drought Tolerance: A Review

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8110241 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 241 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Allah Wasaya ◽

Xiying Zhang ◽

Qin Fang ◽

Zongzheng Yan

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Root Traits ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Root Phenotyping

Plant roots play a significant role in plant growth by exploiting soil resources via the uptake of water and nutrients. Root traits such as fine root diameter, specific root length, specific root area, root angle, and root length density are considered useful traits for improving plant productivity under drought conditions. Therefore, understanding interactions between roots and their surrounding soil environment is important, which can be improved through root phenotyping. With the advancement in technologies, many tools have been developed for root phenotyping. Canopy temperature depression (CTD) has been considered a good technique for field phenotyping of crops under drought and is used to estimate crop yield as well as root traits in relation to drought tolerance. Both laboratory and field-based methods for phenotyping root traits have been developed including soil sampling, mini-rhizotron, rhizotrons, thermography and non-soil techniques. Recently, a non-invasive approach of X-ray computed tomography (CT) has provided a break-through to study the root architecture in three dimensions (3-D). This review summarizes methods for root phenotyping. On the basis of this review, it can be concluded that root traits are useful characters to be included in future breeding programs and for selecting better cultivars to increase crop yield under water-limited environments.

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Phenotypic Diversity for Root Traits and Identification of Superior Germplasm for Root Breeding in Watermelon

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15093-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 1272-1279

Author(s):

Dennis N. Katuuramu ◽

W. Patrick Wechter ◽

Marcellus L. Washington ◽

Matthew Horry ◽

Matthew A. Cutulle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Traits ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Root Volume ◽

Diverse Range

Root traits are an important component for productive plant performance. Roots offer immediate absorptive surfaces for water and nutrient acquisition and are thus critical to crop growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, roots can provide the first line of defense against soilborne pathogens. Watermelon crop performance is often challenged by inclement weather and environmental factors. A resilient root system can support the watermelon crop’s performance across a diverse range of production conditions. In this study, 335 four-day-old watermelon (Citrullus spp.) seedlings were evaluated for total root length, average root diameter, total root surface area, and total root volume. Total root length varied from 8.78 to 181 cm (20.6-fold variation), total surface area varied from 2 to 35.5 cm2, and average root diameter and total root volume had an 8- and 29.5-fold variation, respectively. Genotypes PI 195927 (Citrullus colocynthis) and PI 674448 (Citrullus amarus) had the largest total root length values. Accessions PI 674448 and PI 494817 (C. amarus) had the largest total root surface area means. Watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus) had a relatively smaller root system and significantly fewer fibrous roots when compared with the roots of the other Citrullus spp. Positive genetic correlations were identified among total root length, total root surface area, and total root volume. This genetic information will be useful in future breeding efforts to select for multiple root architecture traits in watermelon. Germplasm identified in this study that exhibit superior root traits can be used as parental choices to improve watermelon for root traits.

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Effects of nitrogen addition on root traits and soil nitrogen in the long-term restored grasslands

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/142/2021-pse ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 541-547

Author(s):

Guanghua Jing ◽

Zhikun Chen ◽

Qiangqiang Lu ◽

Liyan He ◽

Ning Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Root Traits ◽

N Deposition ◽

Root Diameter ◽

N Addition

Fine root traits are plastic and responsive to increased nitrogen (N) deposition. However, with the restoring of the ecosystem after grain for green, little research has been reported about the response of root traits in a long-term restored ecosystem to increased N deposition. Therefore, a successive N addition experiment was conducted in a long-term restored grassland on the Loess Plateau to analyse the effects of different N addition levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 g N/m2/year) on root morphological traits, soil carbon (C) and N. Our results showed that root morphological traits (except for root diameter) firstly increased and then declined, with the maximum in the N level of 5 g/m2/year. N addition significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–-N) with the increasing N addition level, especially in the soil surface layer. Specific root length and specific root area had remarkable negative correlations with NO3–-N, while root diameter and root length density had positive correlations with soil availability N and soil microbial biomass carbon. This study indicated that plants could have the threshold response to adapt to the N addition and prefer to slowly grow rather than quickly invest and return in order to adapt to the environmental stress.

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Elevated carbon dioxide and temperature effects on rooting behaviour of grape cuttings

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v23i3.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 257-264

Author(s):

SHRUTHI REDDY L ◽

GOPALA KRISHNA REDDY A ◽

VANAJA. M ◽

MARUTHI. V. ◽

VANAJA LATHA. K.

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Root Volume ◽

Software Analysis ◽

Root Parameters ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Grape Varieties ◽

The Impact

An experiment was laid out to study the impact of eCO2 (550ppm), eT (+3ºC) and their interaction (eCO2+eT) on rooting behaviour of cuttings of three grape varieties- Thompson Seedless, Bangalore Blue, and Dogridge in FATE and OTC facilities. Observations were recorded at 50 and 80 days after planting (DAP) and root growth data was recorded and analysed using WinRHIZO root scanner and its software. Analysis revealed that, among the selected grape varieties, Thompson Seedless cuttings has shown highest number of roots, root volume and dry biomass under eCO2 and eCO2+ eT conditions, while total root length and root length density were highest with Bangalore Blue. Under eT condition, Bangalore Blue showed highest number of roots, total root length and root length density, while root volume and dry biomass was highest with Thompson Seedless. The per se values of root parameters under all conditions and their response to eCO2 was lowest with Dogridge. Though eT condition reduced all the root parameters, their performance improved under eCO2+ eT indicating the presence of higher concentration of CO2 reduced the ill effects of high temperature. Overall, eCO2 and eCO2+eT conditions improved root parameters of grape varieties, while eT reduced them as compared to their performance under ambient condition and varietal variation is significant.

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Root depth of native and sown perennial grass-based pastures, North-West Slopes, New South Wales. 1. Estimates from cores and effects of grazing treatments

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea04276 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 337 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

G. M. Lodge ◽

S. R. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Mass Density ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Volume Density ◽

Root Mass ◽

Root Depth ◽

Root Volume ◽

Native Pasture

Studies were undertaken on native and sown perennial grass-based pastures as part of the Sustainable Grazing Systems National Experiment to estimate root depth and describe root distribution in these pastures. Samples from soil cores (0–210 cm maximum sampling depth) taken in 1997 (before grazing treatments were imposed) and 4 years later in spring 2001 were used to examine the effects of different grazing regimes on root length density (cm/cm3), root mass density (mg/cm3), root volume density (cm3/cm3), and diameter (mm) at each of 3 sites. In spring 1997, mean maximum root depth was 107 cm for a native perennial grass pasture near Barraba and 74 cm for a pasture sown with phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) near Nundle, with values being lower for a native pasture near Manilla (65 cm for a Brown Vertosol and 97 cm for a Red Chromosol). For all pasture types, >20% of root mass density, root length density or root volume density was in the 0–5 cm soil layer and >60% was at a depth of 0–30 cm. At all sites, mean total root mass was around 1000 kg DM/ha. After 4 years of grazing (spring 2001) there were relatively few significant effects of grazing treatment on root length density, root mass density, root volume density, or root diameter. Effects that were significant mostly occurred at 0–5 cm for the native pastures and 0–50 cm for the sown pasture. For the Barraba native pasture, root length, volume and mass densities (0–5 cm) were higher (P<0.05) in the continuously grazed, low stocking rate treatment compared with all other treatments. Similarly, for the Manilla native pasture, root length density was higher (P<0.05) in this treatment at soil depths of 0–5 and >5–10 cm compared with all other treatments. In contrast, for the Nundle sown pasture, root length density (0–5 cm) was lowest (P<0.05) in 2 continuously grazed treatments compared with those that were strategically grazed in autumn and spring.

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Study on measurement method for apple root morphological parameters based on Labview

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-019-0535-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Ji Qian ◽

Xin Yang ◽

Bao Di ◽

Juan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Relative Error ◽

Root Length ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Volume ◽

Seedling Roots

Abstract Background Traditional measurements of apple seedling roots often rely on manual measurements and existing root scanners on the market. Manual measurement requires a lot of labor and time, and subjective reasons may cause the uncertainty of data; root scanners have limited scanning size and expensive. In case of fruit roots, coverage and occlusion issues will occur, resulting in inaccurate results, but our research solved this problem. Results The background plate was selected according to the color of the seedling roots; the image of the roots of the collected apple seedlings was preprocessed with Vision Development Module by combining image and Labview. The root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings were measured by combining root characteristic parameters algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of measurement system for root morphology of apple seedlings was designed, and the measurement result was compared with the Canadian root system WinRHIZO 2016 (Canada). With application of SPSS v22.0 analysis, the significance P > 0.01 indicated that the difference was not significant. The relative error of surface area was less than 0.5%. The relative error of the average diameter and length of the root system was less than 0.1%, and the relative error of the root volume was less than 0.2%. Conclusions It not only proved that the root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings could be accurately measured by the method described herein, which was handy in operation, but also reduced the cost by 80–90% compared with the conventional scanner.

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Enhanced-efficiency phosphorus fertilizer: promising technology for carrot crop

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620180411 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 492-497

Author(s):

Adilson Pelá ◽

Matheus A Ribeiro ◽

Rafael U Bento ◽

Luiz HB Cirino ◽

Roberto A Reis Júnior

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Phosphate Fertilizer ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽

Agronomic Efficiency ◽

P Content ◽

Phosphate Fertilization

ABSTRACT Several studies were carried out to evaluate polymer-coated mineral fertilizers; however, few studies, on the agronomic efficiency of these fertilizers in the field in carrot crop, are available. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the use of enhanced-efficiency phosphorus fertilizer coated with polymers in carrot (Daucus carota). The experiment was carried out in field, in Ipameri-GO. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in an incomplete factorial design (5x2)+1, considering five phosphorus doses (150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 ha-1 kg P2O5), two P sources [conventional MAP (monoammonium phosphate) and polymer-coated MAP (Policote)] and one additional treatment (control, without P). The evaluated traits were plant height, root length, root diameter, total productivity, marketable root classes, agronomic efficiency of phosphate fertilization and P content in the roots. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. Phosphate fertilization did not influence the P content in carrot roots, but increased plant height, root length and diameter and yield of carrot roots. Polymer-coated phosphate increased plant height, length, diameter and productivity of carrot roots, when compared to conventional fertilizer. Carrot productivity was, on average, 15.5% higher with polymer-coated P source (39.42 t ha-1) than with the conventional P source (34.11 t ha-1). Marketable roots were also improved with the use of polymer-coated phosphate fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer coated with polymer increased the agronomic efficiency of phosphate fertilization in the carrot crop.

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Root and Shoot Responses to Salt Stress in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1669 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jhonathan Ephrath ◽

Alon Ben-Gal ◽

Amnon Bustan ◽

Lina Zhao

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Salinity Level ◽

Simmondsia Chinensis ◽

Root Number ◽

Over Time

Salinity affects plant growth due to both osmotic and ionic stress. The root system is essential in defense mechanisms against salinity, particularly involving salt ion avoidance or exclusion. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) displays significant resistance to salinity. In the present study, Jojoba was planted in 60-L plastic buckets containing perlite growth medium and were provided with eight distinct salinity levels using two operating tanks of final irrigation solutions. Response of Jojoba to salinity was measured in above ground parameters and in roots using minirhizotron access tubes and imaging analysis. Leaf phosphorous and potassium concentrations decreased with increasing salinity level while leaf manganese, calcium, sodium and chloride concentrations increased with irrigation salinity level. Jojoba plants were found to have high level of storage of salt minerals in leaves but without effects on photosynthesis or transpiration. Roots exhibited different distribution patterns under different salinity treatments. Root length density increased with increased salinity at each depth. Root number and root length increased over time. During spring, the plant growth was faster than winter. Root diameter decreased over time due to new root development. Time had a more significant effect on root length density than irrigation water salinity or soil depth. Root number and root length were not significantly affected by the salt treatments.

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Respon Pertumbuhan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Varietas Dyxp Dumpy pada Kondisi Stres Air di Pembibitan Awal

Agrotekma Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.31289/agr.v3i1.1934 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Wagino Wagino ◽

Sri Murti Tarigan ◽

Eka Bobby Febrianto

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Root Length ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Base Diameter ◽

Root Volume ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Wet Weight

Global climate exchange especially rainfallspurs the growth of oil palm adapt to environmental conditions, so the development of oil palm plantations requires seeds that are able to adapt well in drought conditions.This study aims to determine whether water stress affects the growth of oil palm seedlings and sees the response of the level of resistance of oil palm seeds to drought stress.This research was carried out in the greenhouse garden experiment Medan STIPAP was conducted from January to June 2018. This study used Non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), which consisted of 3 levels, 3 samples and 3 replications. Parameters to be observed were plant height, stem base diameter, leaf number, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight, plant dry weight, root volume, root length, stomatal density and number of stomata.The results showed that the difference in giving A1 water (100%) was significantly different from A2 (60%) and A3 (20%) on the parameters of oil palm seedling growth especially for the parameters of plant height, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight, plant dry weight, root volume, and root length while the base diameter of the stem, number of leaves, stomatal density and number of stomata give no significant effect. Drought stress effected to reduce the growth of stem diameter.

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Humic substance and substrate based on babassu decomposed stem in the production of sunflower seedlings

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. e456986098

Author(s):

Carlos Alberto Araújo Costa ◽

Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos ◽

Gênesis Alves de Azevedo ◽

Thaynara Coelho de Moraes ◽

Ramón Yuri Ferreira Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Humic Substances ◽

Plant Height ◽

Humic Substance ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Volume ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Alternative Substrates ◽

New Crops ◽

Number Of Leaves

Our objective was to investigate the influence of alternative substrates based on stem decomposed by babassu and humic substances in the production of sunflower seedlings. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (substrate x humic substances). Twelve treatments were studied, T1 (100% babassu stem decomposed (BDS) + 0 ml L-1 HS), T2 (100% BDS + 12.5 ml L-1 HS), T3 (100% BDS + 25 ml L-1 HS), T4 (100% DBS + 50 ml L-1 HS), T5 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 0 ml L-1 HS), T6 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 12, 5 ml L-1 HS), T7 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 25 ml L-1 HS), T8 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 50 ml L-1 HS), T9 (100% LAd + 0 ml L-1 HS), T10 (100% LAd + 12.5 ml L-1 HS), T11 (100% LAd + 25 ml L-1 HS) and T12 (100% LAd + 50 ml L-1 HS). Each treatment was performed in four replications with one seedling per plot, totaling 48 plots. The DBSxHS interaction provided increases in root length, root volume, basal diameter, number of leaves, plant height and parameters related to inflorescence. The substrate with 100% decomposed babassu stem, together with the dose of 12.5% humic substance, is the best option for producing 'IAC Uruguay' sunflower seedlings. Further research on the use of DBS and HS is needed to address the use and purpose in producing new crops.

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