scholarly journals Molecular Marker Technology for Crop Improvement

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diversity Studies

Since the 1980s, agriculture and plant breeding have changed with the development of molecular marker technology. In recent decades, different types of molecular markers have been used for different purposes: mapping, marker-assisted selection, characterization of genetic resources, etc. These have produced effective genotyping, but the results have been costly and time-consuming, due to the small number of markers that could be tested simultaneously. Recent advances in molecular marker technologies such as the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, genotyping by sequencing, and the release of the genome sequences of major crop plants open new possibilities for advancing crop improvement. This Special Issue collects sixteen research studies, including the application of molecular markers in eleven crop species, from the generation of linkage maps and diversity studies to the application of marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction.

scholarly journals Insights into Marker Assisted Selection and Its Applications in Plant Breeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Kumawat ◽  
Chander Kanta Kumawat ◽  
Kailash Chandra ◽  
Saurabh Pandey ◽  
Subhash Chand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Genetic Purity ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Germplasm Diversity

Burgeoning the human population with its required food demand created a burden on ever-decreasing cultivated land and our food production systems. This situation prompted plant scientists to breed crops in a short duration with specific traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has emerged as a potential tool to achieve desirable results in plants with the help of molecular markers and improves the traits of interest in a short duration. The MAS has comprehensively been used in plant breeding to characterize germplasm, diversity analysis, trait stacking, gene pyramiding, multi-trait introgression, and genetic purity of different cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and fiber crops, etc. Mapping studies pointed out several marker-trait associations from different crop species, which specifies the potential application of MAS in accelerating crop improvement. This chapter presents an overview of molecular markers, their genesis, and potential use in plant breeding.

scholarly journals Molecular markers in the improvement of Allium crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R.D. Chinnappareddy ◽  
K. Khandagale ◽  
A. Chennareddy ◽  
V.G. Ramappa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ssr Development ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Diversity Estimates

The genus Allium (Family: Alliaceae) is the most important among the bulbous vegetable crops. characterization of Alliums based on phenotypic traits is influenced by the environment and leads to biased diversity estimates. Recognizing the potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, researchers have adopted the molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and characterization of different quality traits in Alliums. This review presents details about the use of DNA markers in Alliums for cultivar identification, diversity studies, SSR development, colour improvement, total soluble solids (TSS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and efforts of DNA sequencing. As there are no such reports to describe the above work under a single heading, we decided to mine literature for those who are working in onion, garlic, chives and leek improvement to generate new insights in the subject.

scholarly journals Applications of molecular markers in Genetic Diversity Studies of maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Degife Asefa Zebire
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Heterotic Groups ◽  
Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Genetic Diversity Study

Molecular markers are efficient for exploiting variations in genotypes as they are not influenced by environmental factors and also speed up breeding programs. They are used to detect large numbers of distinct divergence between genotypes at the DNA level. Genetic diversity study helps to estimate the relationship between inbred lines to make the best hybrid combinations. Lines which are clustered in different heterotic groups are considered as the best hybrid combinations to carry out further breeding activities. Molecular markers are used to meet a number of objectives, including genetic diversity analysis and prediction of hybrid performances in divergent crop species. Agro-morphological and molecular markers have been utilized to study genetic diversity so far. In maize, the uses of molecular markers are important for the evaluation of genetic diversity of inbred lines and in clustering them into heterotic groups. These markers determine genetic similarity of the lines and are used to assess the genetic diversity of maize. Molecular markers have proven valuable for genetic diversity analysis of many crop species and genetically diverse lines are important to improve hybrid breeding. Keyword: Molecular marker; Genetic diversity; Genetic variation, Diversity Array technology; cluster analysis

scholarly journals Application Techniques of Molecular Marker and Achievement of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Three Major Crops Rice, Wheat and Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gul Arabzai ◽  
Hameed Gul
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Phenotype Data ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
New Varieties

With the discovery of new genetic technology, the researcher focuses on using DNA molecular markers to improve new varieties worldwide. Such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and enhancing quality and quantity at different plant breeding fields. Conventional breeding selection is based on phenotype data selection, time-consuming, and has a high chance of linkage drag. Thus, DNA molecular marker method usage is faster, easy, and not expensive than conventional breeding programs. This review focused on applying molecular markers such as genetic diversity analysis, the genotype of identification and fingerprinting, gene tagging and mapping, QTL analysis, and marker-assisted selection. In another part of this review, we focused on MAS's achievements related to improving agronomic traits, quality traits, and biotic/abiotic stresses for three major cereal crops like Wheat, Rice, and Maize.

Identification of Yd2 Genotype in Barley with Molecular Markers and Their Application in Molecular Marker-assisted Selection

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1683-1688
Author(s):  
Yan-Hong ZHAO ◽  
Yan-Fang WANG ◽  
Run-Zhi LI ◽  
Hong-Bin NIU ◽  
Jing-Ai XUE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection

scholarly journals How the pan-genome is changing crop genomics and improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Della Coletta ◽  
Yinjie Qiu ◽  
Shujun Ou ◽  
Matthew B. Hufford ◽  
Candice N. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Structural Variation ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Pan Genome ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Genome Content ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Paradigm Shifting

AbstractCrop genomics has seen dramatic advances in recent years due to improvements in sequencing technology, assembly methods, and computational resources. These advances have led to the development of new tools to facilitate crop improvement. The study of structural variation within species and the characterization of the pan-genome has revealed extensive genome content variation among individuals within a species that is paradigm shifting to crop genomics and improvement. Here, we review advances in crop genomics and how utilization of these tools is shifting in light of pan-genomes that are becoming available for many crop species.

scholarly journals Identification of Cassava Varieties in Ex-Situ Collections and Global Farmer’s Fields: An Update from 1990 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle ◽  
Adriana Bohorquez-Chaux ◽  
Xiaofei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Made In

The identification of cassava cultivars is important for understanding the crop’s production system, enabling crop improvement practitioners to design and deliver tailored solutions with which farmers can secure high yields and sustainable production. Across the lowland tropics today, a large number improved varieties and landraces of cassava are under cultivation, making it inefficient for breeders and geneticists to set improvement goals for the crop. The identification and characterization of cassava genotypes is currently based on either morphological characters or molecular features. The major aim of cultivar identification is to catalog the crop’s genetic diversity, but a consensus approach has still not been established. Of the two approaches to the identification of variety, morphological characters seem to account for most of the genetic variability reported in cassava. However, these characters must be treated with caution, as phenotypic changes can be due to environmental and climatic conditions as well as to the segregation of new highly heterozygous populations, thus, making the accurate identification of varieties difficult. The use of molecular markers has allowed researchers to establish accurate relationships between genotypes, and to measure and track their heterozygous status. Since the early 1990’s, molecular geneticists working with cassava have been developing and deploying DNA-based tools for the identification and characterization of landraces or improved varieties. Hence, in the last five years, economists and social scientists have adopted DNA-based variety identification to measure the adoption rates of varieties, and to support the legal protection of breeder’s rights. Despite the advances made in the deployment of molecular markers for cassava, multiple platform adoption, as well as their costs and variable throughput, has limited their use by practitioners of crop improvement of cassava. The post-genomic era has produced a large number of genome and transcriptome sequencing tools, and has increased our capacity to develop and deploy genome-based tools to account for the crop’s genetic variability by accurately measuring and tracking allele diversity. These technologies allow the creation of haplotype catalogs that can be widely shared across the cassava crop improvement community. Low-density genome-wide SNP markers might be the solution for the wide adoption of molecular tools for the identification of cultivars or varieties of cassava. In this review we survey the efforts made in the past 30 years to establish the tools for cultivar identification of cassava in farmer’s fields and gene banks. We also emphasize the need for a global picture of the genetic diversity of this crop, at its center of origin in South America.

scholarly journals Characterization of pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfK13, pfubp1, and pfap2mu in travelers returning from Africa with Plasmodium falciparum infections reported in China from 2014–2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Feng ◽  
Dongmei Xu ◽  
Xiangli Kong ◽  
Kangming Lin ◽  
He Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Kelch 13

The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) used to treat Plasmodium falciparum in Africa are threatened by the emergence of parasites in Asia carrying variants of the Kelch 13 (K13) locus with delayed clearance in response to ACTs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in other molecular markers, such as ap2mu and ubp1, were associated with artemisinin resistance in rodent malaria and clinical failure in African malaria patients. Here, we characterized the polymorphisms in pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfK13, pfubp1 and pfap2mu among African isolates reported in Shandong and Guangxi provinces in China. Among 144 patients with P. falciparum returning from Africa in 2014–2018, pfmdr1 N86Y (8.3%) and pfcrt K76T (2.1%) were the major mutant alleles. The most common genotype for pfcrt was I74E75T76 (8.3%), followed by E75T76 (2.1%). For K13 polymorphisms, a limited number of mutated alleles were observed, and A578S was the most frequently detected allele in 3 isolates (2.1%). A total of 27.1% (20/144) of the isolates were found to contain pfubp1 mutations, including 6 nonsynonymous and 2 synonymous mutations. The pfubp1 genotypes associated with ART resistance were D1525E (10.4%) and E1528D (8.3%). Furthermore, 11 SNPs were identified in pfap2mu, and S160N was the major polymorphism (4.2%). Additionally, 4 different types of insertions were found in pfap2mu, and the codon AAT, encoding aspartic acid, was more frequently observed at codons 226 (18.8%) and 326 (10.7%). Moreover, 4 different types of insertions were observed in pfubp1 at codon 1520, which was the most common (6.3%). These findings indicate a certain degree of variation in other potential molecular markers, such as pfubp1 and pfap2mu, and their roles either in the parasite’s mechanism of resistance or the mode of action should be evaluated or elucidated further.

Electron microscopic characterization of diamond thin films and substrates for diamond heteroepitaxial growth

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
J.B. Posthill ◽  
R.P. Burns ◽  
R.A. Rudder ◽  
Y.H. Lee ◽  
R.J. Markunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Heteroepitaxial Growth ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Wide Band Gap ◽  
Lattice Matching ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diamond Thin Films

Because of diamond’s wide band gap, high thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage and high radiation resistance, there is a growing interest in developing diamond-based devices for several new and demanding electronic applications. In developing this technology, there are several new challenges to be overcome. Much of our effort has been directed at developing a diamond deposition process that will permit controlled, epitaxial growth. Also, because of cost and size considerations, it is mandatory that a non-native substrate be developed for heteroepitaxial nucleation and growth of diamond thin films. To this end, we are currently investigating the use of Ni single crystals on which different types of epitaxial metals are grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for lattice matching to diamond as well as surface chemistry modification. This contribution reports briefly on our microscopic observations that are integral to these endeavors.

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