Delineate Soil Characteristics and Carbon Pools in Grassland Compared to Native Forestland of India: A Meta-Analysis

Grassland is a highly dynamic land use system and it provides vital ecosystem services, mainly consisting of carbon storage in the tropics and subtropics. The objective of this study was to delineate grassland in India according to soil characteristics and carbon pools in comparison to native forestland, and to discuss management strategies for improving soil carbon (SC) storage in grassland. A total of 675 paired datasets from studies on grassland and forestland in India generated during the period of 1990–2019 were used for meta-analysis study. The analysis shows that soil pH and bulk density (BD) in grasslands were greater by 1.1% and 1.0% compared to forestlands while soil organic carbon (SOC) declined by 36.3% (p < 0.05). Among carbon pools, labile carbon (LC), non-labile carbon (NLC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were 35.5%, 35.3% and 29.5% lower, respectively, in the grassland compared to the forestland. Total carbon (TC) was 35.0% lower in the grassland than the forestland (p < 0.05). Soil carbon stocks (SCS) were 32.8% lower in the grassland compared to the forestland. In the grassland, MBC/SOC (%) from the surface layer and subsurface layer were lower by 2.4% and 8.5%, respectively compared to forestland. The percentage effect size was found to have decreased from surface soil to subsurface soil. Relative SCS loss and carbon dioxide equivalent emission from the grassland compared to forestland were 15.2% and 33.3 Mg ha−1, respectively (p < 0.05). Proper management strategies like agroforestry, legume introduction, silvipastoral system, fertilization, irrigation, and quality grass species could improve SC storage and reduce SCS loss in grassland. Overall, this study gives an idea that conversion of native forestland into grassland in India has declined the SC content and hence it is necessary to adapt proper strategies to manage the soil-atmosphere carbon balance.

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Influence of organic and mineral fertilisation on organic matter fractions of a Brazilian Acrisol under maize/common bean intercrop

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr06029 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

L. F. C. Leite ◽

E. S. Mendonça ◽

P. L. O. A. Machado

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Common Bean ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Carbon Pools ◽

Organic Matter Fractions ◽

The Impact ◽

Organic Compost

In 1984, a field experiment was initiated in Coimbra, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, involving the combination of 3 levels of mineral fertilisers at control (0); 10 kg N/ha, 15 kg P/ha, and 17 kg K/ha (MF1); 20 kg N/ha, 30 kg P/ha, and 34 kg K/ha (MF2); and 2 levels of organic compost at control (0) and 40 m3/ha (OC) in a maize/common bean intercrop. Soil samples were collected (0–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m) in 2000 to evaluate the impact of mineral and organic compost on total carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) stocks and on organic carbon pools of a Ferric Acrisol (Chromosol in the Australian Soil Classification). Additional soil samples were collected from an adjacent site covered by secondary Atlantic Forest as a reference. The conversion of forest to agriculture caused a reduction in most of TOC, TN, and microbial biomass carbon, free-light fraction carbon (CLF), and non-labile carbon. The carbon pools in cultivated plot were enhanced by the addition of compost alone. At both depths, TOC and TN stocks were higher (P < 0.05) in the MF2 + OC than MF2 treatment. Compared to soils that have received mineral fertiliser alone or combined with compost, the stocks of labile organic carbon, TN, and CLF were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by the sole application of compost.

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Variability of aboveground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes: a meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-10-5245-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 5245-5272 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Xu ◽

L. Liu ◽

E. J. Sayer

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Litter Addition ◽

Subtropical Forests ◽

Aboveground Litter ◽

Soil Temperature And Moisture

Abstract. Global change has been shown to greatly alter the amount of aboveground litter inputs to soil, which could cause substantial cascading effects on belowground biogeochemical cyling. Although having been studied extensively, there is uncertainty about how changes in aboveground litter inputs affect soil carbon and nutrient turnover and transformation. Here, we conducted a comprehensive compilation of 68 studies on litter addition or removal experiments, and used meta-analysis to assess the responses of soil physicochemical properties and carbon and nutrient cycling under changed aboveground litter inputs. Our results suggested that litter addition or removal could significantly alter soil temperature and moisture, but not soil pH. Litter inputs were more crucial in buffering soil temperature and moisture fluctuations in grassland than in forest. Soil respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon and total carbon in the mineral soil increased with increasing litter inputs, suggesting that soil acted as a~net carbon sink although carbon loss and transformation increased with increasing litter inputs. Total nitrogen and the C : N ratio in the mineral soil increased with increased litter inputs. However, there was no correlation between litter inputs and extractable inorganic nitrogen in the mineral soil. Compared to other ecosystems, tropical and subtropical forests are more sensitive to variation in litter inputs. Increased or decreased litter inputs altered the turnover and accumulation of soil carbon and nutrient in tropical and subtropical forests more substantially over a shorter time period compared to other ecosystems. Overall, our study suggested that, although the magnitude of responses differed greatly among ecosystems, increased litter inputs generally accelerated the decomposition and accumulation of carbon and nutrients in soil, and decreased litter inputs reduced them.

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Stratification ratio of organic matter pools influenced by management systems in a weathered Oxisol from a tropical agro-ecoregion in Brazil

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr12186 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 133 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. C. Figueiredo ◽

D. V. S. Resck ◽

M. A. C. Carneiro ◽

M. L. G. Ramos ◽

J. C. M. Sá

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Till ◽

The Impact

Enhancement of organic matter plays an essential role in improving soil quality for supporting sustainable food production. Changes in carbon stocks with impacts on emissions of greenhouse gases may result from the stratification of organic matter as a result of soil use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil management systems on soil carbon stocks and stratification ratios (SR) of soil organic matter pools. Total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen, basal respiration, and particulate organic matter nitrogen (PON) were determined. The field experiment comprised several tillage treatments: conventional tillage, no-till with biannual rotation, no-till with biannual rotation combined with a second crop, no-till with annual rotation, and pasture. The labile fractions indicated a high level of variation among management systems. Pasture proved to be an excellent option for the improvement of soil carbon. While the conventional tillage system reduced total carbon stocks of the soil (0–40 cm), no-tillage presented TOC stocks similar to that of native vegetation. Sensitivity of the TOC SR varied from 0.93 to 1.28, a range of 0.35; the range for POC was 1.76 and for MBC 1.64. The results support the hypothesis that the labile fractions (POC, MBC, and PON) are highly sensitive to the dynamics of organic matter in highly weathered soils of tropical regions influenced by different management systems. Reductions to SRs of labile organic matter pools are related to the impacts of agricultural use of Cerrado soils.

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Potensi Simpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Tipologi Hutan Rawa Gambut di Kalimantan Tengah

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.40150 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 196 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Muhammad Abdul Qirom ◽

Tri Wira Yuwati ◽

Purwanto Budi Santosa ◽

Wawan Halwany ◽

Dony Rachmanadi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Conversion Factor ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Carbon Pools ◽

Soil Carbon Pools ◽

Soil Carbon Stocks

Akurasi pendugaan simpanan karbon hutan rawa gambut dapat ditingkatkan melalui pengukuran masing-masing gudang/sumber karbon dan berbagai macam tipologi hutannya. Pengukuran tersebut berkaitan dengan besarnya kandungan dan fraksi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kandungan dan potensi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon di tipologi gambut. Pengukuran simpanan karbon dilakukan pada lima gudang karbon yakni vegetasi (tingkat permudaan pohon), serasah, tumbuhan bawah, nekromasa dan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan karbon adalah 50% dari berat kering biomassa. Kandungan karbon tidak dipengaruhi oleh gudang karbon dan tipologi gambut. Pada tanah gambut, kedalaman gambut mempengaruhi besarnya kandungan karbon sehingga besarnya faktor konversi harus memperhatikan kedalaman masing-masing tipologi gambut. Potensi simpanan karbon terbesar pada tipologi hutan sekunder dengan kedalaman gambut antara 3-3,5 m sebesar 3.722,08 Mg/ha sedangkan potensi simpanan karbon terendah pada tipologi semak belukar dengan kedalaman gambut 3-3,5 m sebesar 2243,49 Mg/ha. Pada hutan gambut, gudang karbon tanah menyumbang >95% dari simpanan karbon total. Gudang karbon nekromasa memberikan sumbangan simpanan karbon terkecil. Fraksi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon berturut-turut adalah tanah> vegetasi> serasah> tumbuhan bawah> nekromasa.Carbon Stocks Potential of Peatland Forests Typologies in Central KalimantanAbstractAccuracy of carbon stocks estimation can be enhanced by measuring each carbon pools in various forest peatland typologies. The carbon stocks measurement is associated with the amount of contents and fractions of carbon stocks. The research objectives were to obtain the information of carbon contents and carbon stocks potentials in each carbon pool in the peat typologies. Carbon stocks measurement was conducted in five carbon pools which were: vegetation (tree stages), litter, understory, necromass, and soil. The results showed that the carbon contents reached more than 50% of its dry weight. The carbon contents were not affected by the carbon pools and peat typologies. In the soil carbon pools, peat depth affected the amount of carbon content so that the magnitude of the conversion factor should concentrate to the depth of each peat typology. The greatest potential of carbon stocks was found in the secondary forest (3,733.08 Mg/ha) with the peat depths between 3-3.5 m, while the lowest potential of carbon stocks found in the bush typology (2243.49 Mg/ha) with the peat depths between 3-3.5 m. In the peat typology, soil carbon stocks contributed more than 95% of total carbon stocks whereas necromass carbon stocks contributed the smallest amount of carbon. The fractions of carbon stocks in each carbon pools were soil> vegetation> litter> understorey> necromass, respectively.

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Quantifying soil carbon in temperate peatlands using a mid-IR soil spectral library

SOIL ◽

10.5194/soil-7-193-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 193-215

Author(s):

Anatol Helfenstein ◽

Philipp Baumann ◽

Raphael Viscarra Rossel ◽

Andreas Gubler ◽

Stefan Oechslin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Carbon ◽

Scale Up ◽

Soil Characteristics ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Local Models ◽

Spectral Library ◽

Data Set ◽

Space And Time ◽

Soil Information

Abstract. Traditional laboratory methods for acquiring soil information remain important for assessing key soil properties, soil functions and ecosystem services over space and time. Infrared spectroscopic modeling can link and massively scale up these methods for many soil characteristics in a cost-effective and timely manner. In Switzerland, only 10 % to 15 % of agricultural soils have been mapped sufficiently to serve spatial decision support systems, presenting an urgent need for rapid quantitative soil characterization. The current Swiss soil spectral library (SSL; n = 4374) in the mid-infrared range includes soil samples from the Biodiversity Monitoring Program (BDM), arranged in a regularly spaced grid across Switzerland, and temporally resolved data from the Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO). Given that less than 2 % of the samples in the SSL originate from organic soils, we aimed to develop both an efficient calibration sampling scheme and accurate modeling strategy to estimate the soil carbon (SC) contents of heterogeneous samples between 0 and 2 m depth from 26 locations within two drained peatland regions (School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) data set; n = 116). The focus was on minimizing the need for new reference analyses by efficiently mining the spectral information of the SSL. We used partial least square regressions (PLSRs), together with five repetitions of a location-grouped, 10-fold cross-validation, to predict SC ranging from 1 % to 52 % in the local HAFL data set. We compared the validation performance of different calibration schemes involving local models (1), models using the entire SSL combined with local samples (2), commonly referred to as spiking, and subsets of local and SSL samples optimized for the peatland target sites using the resampling local (RS-LOCAL) algorithm (3). Using local and RS-LOCAL calibrations with at least five local samples, we achieved similar validation results for predictions of SC up to 52 % (R2 = 0.93 to 0.97; bias = -0.07 to 1.65; root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.71 % to 3.89 % total carbon; ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 3.38 to 4.86; and ratio of performance to interquartile range (RPIQ) = 4.93 to 7.09). However, calibrations using RS-LOCAL only required five or 10 local samples for very accurate models (RMSE = 3.16 % and 2.71 % total carbon, respectively), while purely local calibrations required 50 samples for similarly accurate results (RMSE < 3 % total carbon). Of the three approaches, the entire SSL spiked with local samples for model calibration led to validations with the lowest performance in terms of R2, bias, RMSE, RPD and RPIQ. Hence, we show that a simple and comprehensible modeling approach, using RS-LOCAL together with a SSL, is an efficient and accurate strategy when using infrared spectroscopy. It decreases field and laboratory work, the bias of SSL spiking approaches and the uncertainty of local models. If adequately mined, the information in the SSL is sufficient to predict SC in new and independent study regions, even if the local soil characteristics are very different from the ones in the SSL. This will help to efficiently scale up the acquisition of quantitative soil information over space and time.

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Biochar increases soil carbon pools: Evidence from a global meta-analysis

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114403 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 305 ◽

pp. 114403

Author(s):

Jhon Kenedy Moura Chagas ◽

Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽

Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos

Keyword(s):

Soil Carbon ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Carbon Pools ◽

Soil Carbon Pools

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Effects of plant diversity on soil carbon in diverse ecosystems: a global meta-analysis

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1425 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Han Chen

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Plant Diversity ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Global Climate ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Biomass Carbon ◽

Mixture Effects

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a valuable resource for mediating global climate change and securing food production. Despite an alarming rate of global plant diversity loss, uncertainties concerning the effects of plant diversity on SOC remain, because plant diversity not only stimulates litter inputs&#160;via&#160;increased productivity, thus enhancing SOC, but also stimulates microbial respiration, thus reducing SOC. By analysing 1001 paired observations of plant mixtures and corresponding monocultures from 121 publications, we show that both SOC content and stock are on average 5 and 8% higher in species mixtures than in monocultures. These positive mixture effects increase over time and are more pronounced in deeper soils. Microbial biomass carbon, an indicator of SOC release and formation, also increases, but the proportion of microbial biomass carbon in SOC is lower in mixtures. Moreover, these species&#8208;mixture effects are consistent across forest, grassland, and cropland systems and are independent of background climates. Our results indicate that converting 50% of global forests from mixtures to monocultures would release an average of 2.70 Pg C from soil annually over a period of 20&#8201;years: about 30% of global annual fossil&#8208;fuel emissions. Our study highlights the importance of plant diversity preservation for the maintenance of soil carbon sequestration in discussions of global climate change policy.

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Soil Carbon Stock and Pools in Acid Sulphate Soils of Kerala

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2130833 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 135-147

Author(s):

R. Gladis ◽

K. R. Dhanya ◽

Biju Joseph ◽

B. Aparna ◽

M. R. Rehana

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Carbon Pools ◽

Acid Sulphate ◽

Acid Sulphate Soils ◽

Mineralizable Carbon

A study was conducted to assess the soil carbon storage as different soil carbon pools in acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad, Kerala under different land uses and mapping of carbon stock using GIS. Surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from three agricultural land use systems namely rice, coconut and rice-fish from six acid sulphate soil series viz. Ambalapuzha, Purakkad, Thakazhi, Thuravur, Thottapalli and Kallara and were analysed for soil carbon pools like organic carbon, labile carbon, water soluble carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and mineralizable carbon using standard procedures .The carbon stock in soil was also computed and mapped using Arc GIS software. The highest organic carbon content of 9.38% was recorded in Kallara series under rice land use. The water soluble carbon ranged from 44.38 to 208.68 mg kg-1. Labile carbon in soil varied form 4.36 mg g-1 to 13.06 mg g-1. Particulate organic carbon was the highest in rice land use in Kallara series (7.23%). The mineralizable carbon ranged from 2.17 mg kg-1 to 2.91 mg g-1. The microbial biomass carbon varied between 71 mg kg-1 and 488 mg kg-1. The humic acid content varied from 0.20% to 6.09% and the fulvic acid content ranged from 0.09% to 20.10%. The active and passive carbon pools and their contribution to total soil carbon pool was the highest in Kallara series. Among the different land uses, coconut had the highest active pool, while rice land use recorded the highest passive pool of carbon. The soil organic carbon stock (115.96 Mg ha-1) and carbon pool index (2.10) were the highest in Kallara series. The proportion of POC to SOC was the highest in Kallara series (0.62) under rice land use indicating it as a potential carbon sink. The carbon turnover rate was found to be the highest in Thottapalli series (1.15) under coconut land use indicating it as a potential carbon source.

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Soil organic carbon changes in cracking clay soils under cotton production as studied by carbon fractionation

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/a96177 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (7) ◽

pp. 1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. Conteh ◽

G. J. Blair ◽

R. D. B. Lefroy ◽

D. A. Macleod

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Clay Soils ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Labile Carbon ◽

Fractionation Procedure ◽

Wide Range ◽

Carbon Management Index ◽

Soil Carbon Fractions

This study examined soil carbon levels across a wide range of cracking clay soils used for growing cotton in Australia by using a simple carbon fractionation procedure. The soils studied included reference and cropped sites. The procedure employed determines soil carbon fractions based on their ease of oxidation to obtain the labile (CL) and non-labile (CNL) carbon components. Based on the total carbon (CT), labile carbon (CL), and non-labile carbon (CNL) of a cropped soil relative to a reference soil, various monitoring indices were developed. It was found that cultivation has generally led to a decrease in the organic carbon status of the soils. The effect of cultivation was found to be more pronounced in the CL and the carbon management index (CMI) than in the CT and CNL. The changes in the ratio of CL to CNL as a result of cultivation have been variable. The CMI has generally declined during cultivation, and since the CMI has incorporated the changes taking place in CT, CL, and CNL, the use of this index can provide very useful results in monitoring of organic matter status of soils.

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Time in range for multiple technologies in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

10.2337/figshare.12116691 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Pease ◽

Clement Lo ◽

Arul Earnest ◽

Velislava Kiriakova ◽

Danny Liew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Closed Loop Systems ◽

Percent Time ◽

Time In Range

Background: Time-in-range is a key glycaemic metric, and comparisons of management technologies for this outcome are critical to guide device selection. Purpose: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare and rank technologies for time in glycaemic ranges. Data sources: We searched All Evidenced Based Medicine Reviews, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and other non-indexed citations, PROSPERO, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science until 24 April, 2019. Study selection: We included randomised controlled trials >2 weeks duration comparing technologies for management of type 1 diabetes in adults (>18 years of age), excluding pregnant women. Data extraction: Data were extracted using a predefined template. Outcomes were percent time with sensor glucose levels 3.9–10.0mmol/l (70–180mg/dL), >10.0mmol/L (180mg/dL), and <3.9mmol/L (70mg/dL). Data synthesis: We identified 16,772 publications, of which 14 eligible studies compared eight technologies comprising 1,043 participants. Closed loop systems lead to greater percent time-in-range than any other management strategy and was 17.85 (95% predictive interval [PrI] 7.56–28.14) higher than usual care of multiple daily injections with capillary glucose testing. Closed loop systems ranked best for percent time-in-range or above range utilising surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA–98.5 and 93.5 respectively). Closed loop systems also ranked highly for time below range (SUCRA–62.2). Limitations: Overall risk of bias ratings were moderate for all outcomes. Certainty of evidence was very low. Conclusions: In the first integrated comparison of multiple management strategies considering time-in-range, we found that the efficacy of closed loop systems appeared better than all other approaches.

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