scholarly journals Enzymatic Activity as New Moorsh-Forming Process Indicators of Peatlands

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Lech W. Szajdak ◽  
Teresa Meysner ◽  
Marek Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Phenol Oxidase ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Urate Oxidase ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Total Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Process Indicators ◽  
Water Extractable Organic Carbon ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the change in oxidoreductive enzyme activities, due to the potential in catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions, as the basic processes on undrained and drained peat soils. On undrained peatlands, a significant decrease of enzyme activities was observed such as xanthine oxidase, urate oxidase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase with an increase in depth. It was connected with significantly higher porosity values, hot water extractable organic carbon, and total organic nitrogen contents, ammonium and nitrate ions concentrations, and significantly lower ash and bulk density values in the upper layers. On drained peatlands, a significant increase of enzyme activities in depth was measured. Enzyme activities such as xanthine, urate, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase were documented to be effective as new indicators and tools for changes of the moorsh-forming process in association with the oscillation of the water table caused by the drainage of the peatlands.

Liming improves soil microbial growth, but trash blanket placement increases labile carbon and nitrogen availability in a sugarcane soil of subtropical Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Y. Liu ◽  
M. Rezaei Rashti ◽  
M. Esfandbod ◽  
B. Powell ◽  
C. R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Microbial

Liming has been widely used to decrease soil acidity, but its effects on soil nitrogen (N) availability and microbial processes in sugarcane fields are largely unknown. Adjacent sugarcane soils at 26 months after liming (26ML), 14 months after liming (14ML) and with no lime amendment (CK) in Bundaberg, Australia, were selected to investigate the effect of liming on soil N bioavailability and microbial activity in a long-term subtropical sugarcane cropping system. Liming in both 14ML and 26ML treatments significantly increased soil pH (by 1.2–1.4 units) and exchangeable Ca2+ (>2-fold) compared with the CK treatment. The lower concentrations of hot water extractable organic carbon (C) and total N and ammonium-N in the 14ML, compared with the CK and 26ML treatments, can be attributed to the absence of trash blanket placement in the former. Enhanced microbial immobilisation due to improved soil pH by liming (14ML and 26ML treatments) led to increased soil microbial biomass C and N, particularly in the presence of a trash blanket (26 ML treatment), but decreased soil respiration and metabolic quotient indicated that acidic stress conditions were alleviated in the liming treatments. Soil pH was the main factor governing soil enzyme activities, with an overall decrease in all enzyme activities in response to liming. Overall, liming and trash blanket practices improved sugarcane soil fertility. Further study is warranted to investigate the shifts in soil microbial community composition and the diversity and abundance of N-associated functional genes in response to liming in sugarcane fields.

Wheat straw and biochar effect on soil carbon fractions, enzyme activities, and nutrients in a tobacco field

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Jianxin Dong ◽  
Xuebo Zheng ◽  
Jiguang Zhang ◽  
Peilu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Organic Carbon Fractions

Annual removal of tobacco residues and insufficient input of organic materials have exacerbated total organic carbon (TOC) depletion and soil degradation in a tobacco field in the Huanghuai area. Straw residue and biochar application may be effective ways to increase TOC accumulation and improve soil fertility. In this field experiment, wheat straw (WS) and wheat-straw-derived biochar (BC) with mineral fertilizer were compared with mineral fertilizer alone (CK), and we assessed their effects on soil organic carbon fractions, enzyme activities, and nutrients in Shandong Province, China, during 2016 and 2017. At 0–20 cm depth, the WS treatment had a greater overall effect on the measured soil properties. Compared with the control, the WS treatment significantly increased the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), hot-water-extractable carbon (HWC), and permanganate-oxidizable carbon concentrations (POXC; by 252.41%, 107.02%, and 65.53%, respectively); the activities of sucrase, urease, and phosphatase (by 112.52%, 7.81%, and 34.33%, respectively); and the contents of alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium (by 92.22%, 100.78%, and 10.57%, respectively). Compared with the control, the BC treatment significantly increased TOC content, MBC content, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and potassium (TK) concentration (by 74.93%, 86.24%, 153.73%, and 21.92%, respectively). Most soil enzyme activity and nutrient parameters were significantly correlated with MBC. Thus, straw application improved soil fertility by increasing the concentrations of high labile organic carbon fractions (HWC, MBC, and POXC), stimulating soil enzyme activities, and releasing more soil available nutrients, and BC addition contributed to the accumulation of TOC, MBC, LFOC, and TK.

scholarly journals Structure, composition, physical properties, and turnover of proliferated peroxisomes. A study of the trophic effects of Su-13437 on rat liver.

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Leighton ◽  
L Coloma ◽  
C Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Urate Oxidase ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferation ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Peroxisomal Enzyme ◽  
Trophic Effect

Peroxisome proliferation has been induced with 2-methyl-2-(p-[1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-phenoxy)-propionic acid (Su-13437). DNA, protein, cytochrome oxidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and acid phosphatase concentrations remain almost constant. Peroxisomal enzyme activities change to approximately 165%, 50%, 30%, and 0% of the controls for catalase, urate oxidase, L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, and D-amino acid oxidase, respectively. For catalase the change results from a decrease in particle-bound activity and a fivefold increase in soluble activity. The average diameter of peroxisome sections is 0.58 +/- 0.15 mum in controls and 0.73 +/- 0.25 mum after treatment. Therefore, the measured peroxisomal enzymes are highly diluted in proliferated particles. After tissue fractionation, approximately one-half of the normal peroxisomes and all proliferated peroxisomes show matric extraction with ghost formation, but no change in size. In homogenates submitted to mechanical stress, proliferated peroxisomes do not reveal increased fragility; unexpectedly, Su-13437 stabilizes lysosomes. Our results suggest that matrix extraction and increased soluble enzyme activities result from transmembrane passage of peroxisomal proteins. The changes in concentration of peroxisomal oxidases and soluble catalase after Su-13437 allow the calculation of their half-lives. These are the same as those found for total catalase, in normal and treated rats, after allyl isopropyl acetamide: about 1.3 days, a result compatible with peroxisome degradation by autophagy. A sequential increase in liver RNA concentration, [14C]leucine incorporation into DOC-soluble proteins and into immunoprecipitable catalase, and an increase in liver size and peroxisomal volume per gram liver, characterize the trophic effect of the drug used. In males, Su-13437 is more active than CPIB, another peroxisome proliferation-inducing drug; in females, only Su-13437 is active.

The Influence of Short Ether Anesthesia on Some Liver Enzyme Activities in the Rat

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 604-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Katona
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Urate Oxidase ◽  
Arylsulfatase A ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Arylsulfatase B ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphatase ◽  
Liver Homogenates

Rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation for 4–5 min and sacrificed 1–48 h after anesthesia. From their liver homogenates, the activities of nine enzymes were determined. Activities of urate oxidase and arylsulfatase-A did not change significantly but arylsulfatase-B was slightly decreased. Malate dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase-B, and thiamine pyrophosphatase reached their highest and "malic enzymes" their lowest activities at the same time, 5 h after anesthesia. Alkaline phosphatase first decreased, later increased. Acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities decreased following ether anesthesia. Thesechanges in the enzyme activities generally agree and partly explain previously reported effects of ether anesthesia observed in the serum.

scholarly journals The contribution of deadwood to soil carbon dynamics in contrasting temperate forest ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Shannon ◽  
E. I. Vanguelova ◽  
J. I. L. Morison ◽  
L. J. Shaw ◽  
J. M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Phenol Oxidase ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
High Background ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Tea Bag Index ◽  
Water Extractable Organic Carbon

AbstractDeadwood forms a significant carbon pool in forest systems and is a potential source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) input to soil, yet little is known about how deadwood effects forest soil carbon cycling. Deadwood DOC inputs to soil may be retained through sorption or may prime microbial decomposition of existing organic matter to produce additional DOC. To determine impacts of deadwood on soil C cycling, we analysed surface soil from beneath deadwood or leaf litter only, along chronosequences of stands of lowland oak and upland Sitka spruce. The concentration and quality (by optical indices) of water-extracted soil DOC (water-extractable organic carbon; WEOC), in situ decomposition ‘tea bag index’ (TBI) parameters and enzymatic potential assays (β-D-cellubiosidase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatase, phenol oxidase) were determined. Presence of deadwood significantly (p < 0.05) increased WEOC concentration (~ 1.5 to ~ 1.75 times) in the mineral oak soil but had no effect on WEOC in spruce soils, potentially because spruce deadwood DOC inputs were masked by a high background of WEOC (1168 mg kg−1 soil) and/or were not retained through mineral sorption in the highly organic (~ 90% SOM) soil. TBI and enzyme evidence suggested that deadwood-derived DOC did not impact existing forest carbon pools via microbial priming, possibly due to the more humified/aromatic quality of DOC produced (humification index of 0.75 and 0.65 for deadwood and leaf litter WEOC, respectively). Forest carbon budgets, particularly those for mineral soils, may underestimate the quantity of DOC if derived from soil monitoring that does not include a deadwood component.

scholarly journals Some aspects of physical and mechanical properties of hollow blocks procuced from hot water treated sawdust.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ekhuemelo ◽  
Emmanuel Terzungwue Tembe ◽  
Awa Mike Versue
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Minimum Standard ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Mixture Density ◽  
Density Values ◽  
The Mean

The study investigated sawdust as a partial replacement for sand in production of hollow blocks with a view to reducing cost and converting waste to resource use. Sawdust of Daniella oliveri was collected from Timber Shed along New Bridge Wurukum, Makurdi. It was boiled and spread to dry. Standard ratio of 1:8 (cement and sand) was used in the study. Replacement levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of sawdust were used for sand, while cement was kept constant throughout the mixture. Density, percentage water absorption (PWA), and compressive strength (CS) of the blocks were tested after 28 days of curing. PWA results showed that blocks produced from 0% sawdust replacement level had least mean of 10.06%, while 8% sawdust replacement had the highest mean of 11.40%. Mean density values showed that 8% sawdust replacement had the least value of 1090.40Kg/m3 and while the highest value (1346.60Kg) was observed for 0%. The mean CS for 0% sawdust replacement was highest (3.20N/mm2)and falls within the Nigeria Building Codes of 2.5N/mm2 - 3.45N/mm2 and Ghana Building Code of 2.75 N/mm2. Mean CS value of 2.0N/mm2 was obtained for 2% and 4% sawdust replacement levels respectively. The value  meets the minimum standard of 2.0N/mm2 according to National Building Code for non-load bearing walls and 1.7 N/mm2 according to Ghana Building Code. However, 6% and 8% sawdust replacement levels showed the least CS of 1.00N/mm2 which is below standards. In conclusion, blocks produced with 2% and 4% sawdust replacement levels as obtained in this study are recommended for building and construction purposes.Keywords: Blocks, Building code, cement, sand, sawdust, standard

scholarly journals Short-term effects of byproduct amendments and lime on physicochemical and microbiological properties of acidic soil from Jiaodong Peninsula of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwen Shen ◽  
Haitao Lin ◽  
Xiaozong Song ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Luji Bo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Phenol Oxidase ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Jiaodong Peninsula ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Microbiological Properties

ABSTRACT: The influences of byproduct amendments, containing silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium, on acidic soil quality in Jiaodong Peninsula of China had been studied and compared with that of lime through monitoring physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of acidic soil over a 120-day period. Byproduct amendments (1125, 2250, 4500 and 9000 kg ha-1) and lime 2250 kg ha-1 was applied in the acidic soil. Results showed that both byproduct amendments and lime significantly increased the pH, EC and enzyme activities of soil. The by-product amendments inhibited microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration. Nevertheless, the lime-treated soil had a much more higher level of CO2 emission than the by-product amendments-treated soil. Compared to the by-product amendments-treated soil, the lime-treated soil had the higher pH, peroxidase activity, phenol oxidase activity and invertase activity. Therefore, lime might be a better choice over by-product amendments to improve chemical and biological properties of the acidic soil in Jiaodong Peninsula of China. For soils lacking available calcium and magnesium, the mixture of 4500 kg ha-1 amendments and 2250 kg ha-1 lime was recommend to treat the soil.

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