scholarly journals Substandard and Semi-Dwarfing Citrus Rootstocks for More Intensive, Higher-Density, and Sustainable Plantation Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Aurea Hervalejo ◽  
María Paz Suárez ◽  
Francisco José Arenas-Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Efficiency ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Citrus Macrophylla ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

An increasing number of intensive, dense, and sustainable citrus plantations have fostered a growing interest in addressing the future challenges of citrus crops: An increase in the world’s population, climate change, and globalization. Nutrient efficiency and the absence of vigorous citrus rootstocks are required for the success of these plantation systems. The agronomic performances of the “Lane Late” orange cultivar on three substandard or semi-dwarfing citrus rootstocks (Forner-Alcaide no.5 (FA5), Forner-Alcaide no.13 (FA13), and Forner-Alcaide no.41 (FA41)) were evaluated in Spain in comparison with more traditional Mediterranean citrus rootstocks (Carrizo citrange (CA), Citrus macrophylla (MP), and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (CL)) under a poor mineral fertilization program over six growing seasons. FA13 and FA41 induced the smallest ‘Lane Late’ trees. Although the rootstock did not induce a significant effect on the ‘Lane Late’ yield efficiency (kg m−3), the highest values were recorded for ‘Lane Late’ on MP, CL and FA13. In this sense, FA13 showed a high productive potential (kg ha−1), given the possibility of narrowing the tree spacing (smaller tree size). Regarding the use of soil nutrients, FA13 was the most efficient citrus rootstock. Thus, FA13 stands out as the most suitable citrus rootstock for more intensive and sustainable plantation systems of the ‘Lane Late’ orange under Mediterranean conditions similar to those of this study.

scholarly journals Feeding and Oviposition Behaviour of Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Different Citrus Rootstock Material Available in Europe

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Estrella Hernández-Suárez ◽  
Laura Suárez-Méndez ◽  
Moneyba Parrilla ◽  
Juan M. Arjona-López ◽  
Aurea Hervalejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Choice Trial ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Trioza Erytreae ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Macrophylla ◽  
Insect Reproduction ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agent of Huanglongbing disease (HLB). This study evaluates the preference of T. erytreae in different citrus seedlings. Thus, six different non-grafted citrus rootstocks were used for these experiments: (a) Carrizo citrange; (b) Citrus macrophylla; (c) ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin; (d) Forner-Alcaide No. 5; (e) Forner-Alcaide No. 517, and (f) Poncirus trifoliata (‘Flying Dragon’). The behaviour and survival of this psyllid was evaluated through the feeding preference of T. erytreae adults for different rootstocks (in a choice trial under greenhouse conditions) and oviposition and survival of T. erytreae adults on the different citrus material (in a no-choice trial under laboratory conditions). Trioza erytreae showed a clear preference for hosting and feeding on C. macrophylla, and Carrizo citrange was the most suitable rootstock for insect reproduction and survival followed by C. macrophylla. Conversely, Poncirus trifoliata was the least attractive rootstock to T. erytreae adults in the greenhouse trial and led to significantly lower T. erytreae survival. Our results suggest that conventional citrus rootstocks, such as Carrizo citrange and C. macrophylla, could increase T. erytreae populations.

NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CITRUS NURSERY STOCK IN PINE BARK SUBSTRATES.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161f-1161
Author(s):  
John D. Lea-Cox ◽  
Irwin E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Pine bark is utilized as a substrate in citrus nurseries in South Africa. The Nitrogen (N) content of pine bark is inherently low, and due to the volubility of N, must be supplied on a continual basis to ensure optimum growth rates of young citrus nursery stock. Three citrus rootstock (rough lemon, carrizo citrange and cleopatra mandarin) showed no difference in stem diameter or total dry mass (TDM) when supplied N at concentrations between 25 and 200 mg ·l-1 N in the nutrient solution over a 12 month growing period. Free leaf arginine increased when N was supplied at 400 mg·l-1 N. The form of N affected the growth of rough lemon. High NH4-N:NO3-N (75:25) ratios decreased TDM when Sulfur (S) was absent from the nutrient solution, but not if S was present. Free arginine increased in leaves at high NH4-N (No S) ratios, but not at high NH4-N (S supplied) ratios. Free leaf arginine was correlated with free leaf ammonia. These results have important implications for reducing the concentration of N in nutrient solutions used in citrus nurseries and may indicate that higher NH4-N ratios can be used when adequate S is also supplied.

scholarly journals First results of an orchard trial with new clonal sweet cherry rootstocks at Holovousy

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Blažková ◽  
I. Hlušičková
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
First Results ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Sweet Cherry Rootstocks

Ten clonal dwarf or semi-dwarf sweet cherry rootstocks were evaluated for 5 growing seasons in a orchard that was established in the spring 1999 at Holovousy within international cherry rootstock trials that are co-ordinated in Europe by the Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science at Aarslev, Denmark. Lapins cv. was used as a scion tester for all these rootstocks; five of them were also tested by Regina cv. Among the new rootstocks, G 195/5 was evaluated as the most promising for Lapins cv. It produced trees even smaller than P-HL-A or Tabel (Edabriz), with higher yield efficiency and good fruit size. In agreement with the results of earlier experiments, both P-HL-A and Tabel (Edabriz) proved to be quite reliable rootstocks for modern sweet cherry orchards established there. Among the semi-dwarf rootstocks, G 154/7 also seemed to be interesting because of high yields and fruit size. Weiroot 158 was found as relatively the most promising rootstock for Regina cv. On the other hand, the most disappointing results were obtained with the rootstock Weiroot 53 because of its inferior graft compatibility and its negative influence on fruit size. Some of the tested rootstocks significantly changed the time of flowering and the time of fruit ripening. Several relationships between the observed characteristics were found within this study and they are more thoroughly discussed.  

Response of seedlings of three citrus-rootstock cultivars to salinity

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Mobayen ◽  
FL Milthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Responses of seedlings of Trifoliata, Cleopatra mandarin and the Iranian mandarm Bakraie to concentrations of sodium ions over the range 2.6-152.6 mol m-3 were measured in sand culture. The major differences were in rates of leaf senescence; these and leaf expansion rates indicated that the cultivars increased in tolerance in the order: Trifoliata < Cleopatra < Bakraie. Although growth and net assimilation rates were related to the sodium ion concentration over the entire range explored, differences between cultivars could not be distinguished. Sodium concentrations in leaves were linearly related to concentrations in the external solution and increased with time; they, together with phosphorus, calcium and magnesium but not potassium, were higher in Bakraie than in Cleopatra. It is suggested that leaf abscission and leaf expansion rates provide useful indices for screening cultivar seedlings for salinity tolerance; leaf analyses may be less satisfactory.

scholarly journals Response of Citrus (Citrus spp.) Rootstock Seedlings to Soil-Applied Herbicides

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Megh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obs. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] citrus rootstock seedlings to multiple applications of Premier (fluometralin), Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan (oryzalin), Prowl (pendimethalin), and Treflan trifluralin). The citrus rootstock responses ranged from a 11% reduction in shoot weight of sour orange with Treflan (trifluralin) to a 19% reduction in fibrous root weight of Swingle citrumelo with Surflan (oryzalin). Cleopatra mandarin was tolerant to all the seven herbicides. Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), and Premier (fluometralin) were not phytotoxic to all four rootstocks.

scholarly journals Early Performance of `McIntosh' Apple Trees on Several Semidwarf Rootstocks in the 1999 NC-140 Rootstock Trial

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 799D-800
Author(s):  
Wesley Autio* ◽  
John Cline ◽  
Robert Crassweller ◽  
Charles Embree ◽  
Elena Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Data ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Root Suckering ◽  
Early Performance

`McIntosh' apple trees [Malus ×sylvestris (L.) Mill. Var domestica (Borkh.)] on five semidwarfing rootstocks (CG.4814, CG.7707, G.30N, M.7 EMLA, and Supporter 4) were planted at 10 locations (MA, MI MN NS 2 in NY ON PA VT and WI) under the direction of the NC-140 Multistate Research Project. After four growing seasons (through 2002), trees on CG.7707, G.30N, Supporter 4, and M.7 EMLA were significantly larger than those on CG.4814. Cumulative root suckering was most from trees on M.7 EMLA, and least from trees on CG.7707, G.30N, and Supporter 4. Yield per tree in 2002 and cumulatively was greatest from trees on G.30N and least from trees on CG.7707 and M.7 EMLA. In 2002 and cumulatively, CG.4814 resulted in the greatest yield efficiency, and M.7 EMLA resulted in the lowest. In 2002, fruit from trees on M.7 EMLA were largest, and those from trees on CG.4814 were smallest. On average, M.7 EMLA resulted in the largest fruit, and G.30N resulted in the smallest. Limited data will be presented on CG.6210, CG.8, G.30T, and M.26 EMLA, which are planted only at some locations. Data for the fifth season (2003) will be presented.

scholarly journals Management of nitrogen fertilization in maize cultivated in succession to black oats in a temperate climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Ricardo Henrique Ribeiro ◽  
Marcos Renan Besen ◽  
Samuel Luiz Fioreze ◽  
Jonatas Thiago Piva
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Early Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
N Management

The objective of this study was to verify early nitrogen (N) fertilization on maize cultivated in succession to black oats. We conducted three experiments, relating to the 2012/13, 2013/14, and 2014/15 growing seasons, at UFSC-Curitibanos, in a randomized complete block experimental design, with four treatments and four replicates. The treatments were N management strategies in which the amount of N applied to maize was split into pre-sowing, at sowing, and topdressing times: (T1) control with no N application; (T2) 2/3 - 1/3 - 0; (T3) 1/3 - 1/3 - 1/3; and (T4) 0 - 1/3 - 2/3. The biometrics and productive potential parameters of the crop were evaluated. Application of N, regardless of the treatment, increased the yield. In 2012/13, there were no significant differences between the ways in which the N application was split, although they produced a higher yield than the control, resulting in a mean yield of 5,008 kg ha-1. In 2013/14, T2 was similar to T3 and T4, resulting in a yield of 9,858 kg ha-1; in 2014/15, T3 and T4 were similar, with a mean yield of 12,466 kg ha-1, while T2 resulted in a lower yield of 10,487 kg ha-1. When 2/3 of the N is applied pre-sowing, it is only effective when it is associated with the occurrence of a drought period at an early developmental stage of the plants. In adequate rainfall conditions, the early application of N fertilization is only effective when combined with a further 1/3 of the amount of N at sowing, and later as a topdressing.

Effect of organic fertilization on soil characteristics, yield and quality of Virginia Tobacco in Mediterranean area.

2020 ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Ioanna Tabaxi ◽  
Ioanna Kakabouki ◽  
Charikleia Ζisi ◽  
Antigolena Folina ◽  
Stella Karydogianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Set Up

As organic tobacco is a consumer choice, it is necessary to explore the proper fertilization program with environmentally friendly practices. Α field experiment lasting 3 growing seasons  established at the Agricultural University of Athens in order to examined the effect of comparison between organic and inorganic fertilization on (flue-cured) Virginia tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and soil. A randomized complete block design with four treatments (manure, compost, NPK and control) and three replications was set up. The results of analysis of variance for treatments showed that the organic matter of soil did not affected by the fertilization while CaCO3 significantly affected by fertilization. The N concentration in soil does not significantly affected by fertilization.  Plants height was higher under the inorganic fertilization in comparison to that of the organic fertilization treatments. The final yield was affected by year and it is higher in control treatment with highest value 7,053.42 kg ha-1 The fertilization does not significant affect the uptake N leaves was affected by fertilization and was higher under inorganic fertilizer, ranged from 2.73 to 0.88%. The nicotine and sugar on Virginia tobacco were not significant affected by fertilization.  A strong correlation was observed between yield and reducing sugars (r= 0.66). The results of the current study revealed that the organic fertilization affected certain soil characteristics and not the quality characteristics of tobacco.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal dependence of citrus rootstock

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Batista Miranda ◽  
Andrea Hentz de Mello ◽  
Katia Cristina Kupper
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract Plant growth promoting microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, have been widely used in agriculture because they help plants in the absorption of nutrients and water, influencing their growth. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of the mycorrhizal association of Glomus clarum and Glomus etunicatum on the initial growth of the rootstocks Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with five replications, corresponding to three rootstocks, four managements: mineral fertilization, inoculation with G. clarum (IGC), inoculation with G. etunicatum (IGE) and Control. The seedlings were produced in greenhouse, using as substrate the vermicompost earthworm, distributed in polyethylene bags, depositing three seeds of each rootstock / bag. The inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi was carried out at the time of sowing (45 spores of each species / bag). The mineral fertilization was divided into two phases: phosphorus application before sowing (40g of single superphosphate / bag); nitrogen application (1.7 g dissolved in 40 ml of water), divided in eight applications of 5 ml of the solution, via irrigation water, manually and weekly; and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), sprayed manually every two weeks. The following parameters were evaluated: height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass, colonization and mycorrhizal dependence. There was a significant interaction between the rootstocks and treatments applied in this study for most of the evaluated variables. Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo obtained higher height and the management that conferred higher height to the rootstocks was the mineral fertilization and IGE. The largest diameter of the stem was reached by Swingle citrumelo and the management that provided the largest diameter was the inoculation with G. etunicatum. Rangpur lime presented moderate mycorrhizal dependence for G. clarum and marginal for G. etunicatum. Mycorrhizal colonization did not show a significant interaction between rootstocks and the management with inoculation. The mycorrhizal association of G. clarum and G. etunicatum was not presented as the best management for the growth of Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin, when compared to the mineral fertilization. However, the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi provided a positive effect on the uptake of some nutrients by the rootstocks, especially K, Mg, N and P.

scholarly journals Effect of fertilizer application on winter wheat productivity under precision agriculture in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alibek Baimuratov ◽  
SHOLPAN BASTAUBAYEVA ◽  
MEHMET ARSLAN ◽  
ZHANAR YERALIYEVA
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Incomplete Factorial Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

Abstract. Baimuratov, A, Bastaubayeva S, Arslan M, Yeraliyeva Z. 2021. Effect of fertilizer application on winter wheat productivity under precision agriculture in Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 22: 1558-1563. The effect of mineral fertilization of light chestnut soils of Almalybak, Kazakhstan on the three winter wheat varieties grain yields and NDVI was carried out in 2017/18, 2018/2019 as well as 2019/2020 growing seasons using precision agriculture technologies. The experiments were set up in an incomplete factorial design with rates of NPK N90P60K45, N120P90K60, and N150P120K90. Agrochemical cartograms were ordered for the substance of effectively hydrolyzable nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. The total variation of NDVI was from 0.62 in the minimum (Bezostaya 100 variety, 2017/18) to 0.88 in the maximum (Aliya variety, 2019/20) in the flowering phase of wheat plants. The highest index of NDVI was observed in the N150P120K90 in the three winter wheat varieties for the three seasons. Studies directed in multivariate analyses built up the connection between fertilizer application, soil fruitfulness, and grain yield. As per the genuine heterogeneity of the fields, standards were determined and differential use of the fundamental phosphorus fertilizer was completed. The yield for the winter wheat varieties varied between 5.6-5.9 t/ha for Aliya variety, 6.5-7.0 t/ha for Grom, and 6.2- 6.7 t/ha for Bezostaya 100, which presents that P120 doses were more suitable in experimental plots for winter wheat varieties. The grain yield on mineral fertilization of NPK for the studied varieties varied from 4.2 to 7.6 t/ha for Aliya variety, from 4.0 to 6.8 t/ha for the Bezostaya 100, and from 4.5 to 7.9 t/ha for Grom. The highest grain yield was observed in the N150P120K90 for three winter wheat varieties in all three seasons.

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